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Thyroid hormones exert a profound effect on development, growth, and metabolism of skeleton. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of thyroxine (T4) and growth hormone (GH) on the terminal differentiation of rib growth plate chondrocytes in three-dimensional pellet culture. T4 (30ng/ml) stimulated the expressions of type II and X collagens, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. On the other hand, the expression of chondrogenic transcription factor Sox9 in the T4 treatment group decreased significantly compared to the control group. T4 downregulates Sox9 and promotes hypertrophy. After day 7, T4 increases dramatically the synthesis of type X collagen mRNA, ALP activity, and cellular hypertrophy. Addition of GH does not modify the action of T4. Thus, T4 acts directly on chondrocytes. In conclusion, we demonstrated that T4 enhances the cellular and molecular events of terminal differentiation and hypertrophy of chondrocytes in the three-dimensional cultures.
Superficial zone protein (SZP) is a key mediator of boundary lubrication of articular cartilage in joints. In this investigation, we made the unexpected discovery that SZP was expressed in infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) from bovine knee. Quantitative analysis of secreted proteins in the medium of the IFP stromal cells demonstrated a significant stimulation by TGF-beta1 and BMP-7. Real-time PCR analysis revealed the SZP expression was up-regulated by TGF-beta1 and BMP-7. Chondrogenically differentiated IFP progenitor cells were stimulated by TGF-beta1 and BMP-7 to synthesize and secrete SZP. SZP mRNA was significantly up-regulated by chondrogenic induction for 21 days. These findings indicate that the stimulation of SZP expression by TGF-beta and BMP-7 may lead to functional improvement of damaged intraarticular tissues and that IFP progenitor cells may be a potential useful source for inducing superficial zone of articular cartilage by tissue engineering for regeneration of damaged articular cartilage due to osteoarthritis.
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