Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with an unclear pathophysiology. Increased expression of the immune gene C4 has been linked to a greater risk of developing schizophrenia; however, it is not known whether C4 plays a causative role in this brain disorder. Using confocal imaging and whole-cell electrophysiology, we demonstrate that overexpression of C4 in mouse prefrontal cortex neurons leads to perturbations in dendritic spine development and hypoconnectivity, which mirror neuropathologies found in schizophrenia patients. We find evidence that microglia-mediated synaptic engulfment is enhanced with increased expression of C4. We also show that C4-dependent circuit dysfunction in the frontal cortex leads to decreased social interactions in juvenile and adult mice. These results demonstrate that increased expression of the schizophrenia-associated gene C4 causes aberrant circuit wiring in the developing prefrontal cortex and leads to deficits in juvenile and adult social behavior, suggesting that altered C4 expression contributes directly to schizophrenia pathogenesis.

Microtubule organization and dynamics are essential during axon and dendrite formation and maintenance in neurons. However, little is known about the regulation of microtubule dynamics during synaptic development and function in mammalian neurons. Here, we present evidence that the microtubule plus-end tracking protein CLASP2 (cytoplasmic linker associated protein 2) is a key regulator of axon and dendrite outgrowth that leads to functional alterations in synaptic activity and formation. We found that CLASP2 protein levels steadily increase throughout neuronal development in the mouse brain and are specifically enriched at the growth cones of extending neurites. The short-hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of CLASP2 in primary mouse neurons decreased axon and dendritic length, whereas overexpression of human CLASP2 caused the formation of multiple axons, enhanced dendritic branching, and Golgi condensation, implicating CLASP2 in neuronal morphogenesis. In addition, the CLASP2-induced morphological changes led to significant functional alterations in synaptic transmission. CLASP2 overexpression produced a large increase in spontaneous miniature event frequency that was specific to excitatory neurotransmitter release. The changes in presynaptic activity produced by CLASP2 overexpression were accompanied by increases in presynaptic terminal circumference, total synapse number, and a selective increase in presynaptic proteins that are involved in neurotransmitter release. Also, we found a smaller increase in miniature event amplitude that was accompanied by an increase in postsynaptic surface expression of GluA1 receptor localization. Together, these results provide evidence for involvement of the microtubule plus-end tracking protein CLASP2 in cytoskeleton-related mechanisms underlying neuronal polarity and interplay between microtubule stabilization and synapse formation and activity.

RTP801/REDD1 is a stress-regulated protein whose upregulation is necessary and sufficient to trigger neuronal death in in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases and is up regulated in compromised neurons in human postmortem brains of both neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, in both Parkinson's and Huntington's disease mouse models, RTP801 knockdown alleviates motor-learning deficits.

Exploiting biological processes to recycle renewable carbon into high value platform chemicals provides a sustainable and greener alternative to current reliance on petrochemicals. In this regard Cupriavidus necator H16 represents a particularly promising microbial chassis due to its ability to grow on a wide range of low-cost feedstocks, including the waste gas carbon dioxide, whilst also naturally producing large quantities of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) during nutrient-limited conditions. Understanding the complex metabolic behaviour of this bacterium is a prerequisite for the design of successful engineering strategies for optimising product yields. We present a genome-scale metabolic model (GSM) of C. necator H16 (denoted iCN1361), which is directly constructed from the BioCyc database to improve the readability and reusability of the model. After the initial automated construction, we have performed extensive curation and both theoretical and experimental validation. By carrying out a genome-wide essentiality screening using a Transposon-directed Insertion site Sequencing (TraDIS) approach, we showed that the model could predict gene knockout phenotypes with a high level of accuracy. Importantly, we indicate how experimental and computational predictions can be used to improve model structure and, thus, model accuracy as well as to evaluate potential false positives identified in the experiments. Finally, by integrating transcriptomics data with iCN1361 we create a condition-specific model, which, importantly, better reflects PHB production in C. necator H16. Observed changes in the omics data and in-silico-estimated alterations in fluxes were then used to predict the regulatory control of key cellular processes. The results presented demonstrate that iCN1361 is a valuable tool for unravelling the system-level metabolic behaviour of C. necator H16 and can provide useful insights for designing metabolic engineering strategies.