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Neuronal function is intimately tied to axodendritic polarity. Neurotransmitter release, for example, is usually the role of the axon. There are widespread exceptions to this rule, however, including many mammalian neuronal types that can release neurotransmitter from their dendrites. In the mouse olfactory bulb, closely related subclasses of dopaminergic interneuron differ markedly in their polarity, with one subtype lacking an axon entirely. These axon-bearing and anaxonic dopaminergic subclasses have distinct developmental profiles and sensory responses, but how their fundamental polarity differences translate to functional outputs remains entirely unknown. Here, we provide anatomical evidence for distinct neurotransmitter release strategies among these closely related dopaminergic subtypes: anaxonic cells release from their dendrites, while axon-bearing neurons release exclusively from their intermittently myelinated axon. These structural differences are linked to a clear functional distinction: anaxonic, but not axon-bearing, dopaminergic neurons are capable of self-inhibition. Our findings suggest that variations in polarity can produce striking distinctions in neuronal outputs, and that even closely related neuronal subclasses may play entirely separate roles in sensory information processing.
Pubmed ID: 41399104
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Multi paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language developed by MathWorks. Allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, Fortran and Python. Used to explore and visualize ideas and collaborate across disciplines including signal and image processing, communications, control systems, and computational finance.
View all literature mentionsThe Wellcome Trust is the largest charity in the UK. We fund innovative biomedical research, in the UK and internationally, spending over 600 million each year to support the brightest scientists with the best ideas. The Wellcome Trust is an independent charity funding research to improve human and animal health. Established in 1936 and with an endowment of around 13 billion, it is the UK's largest non-governmental source of funds for biomedical research. What we do We spend over 600 million every year both in the UK and internationally achieving our mission. Funding We support many different kinds of research and activities with the ultimate aim of protecting and improving human and animal health. This support is not restricted to UK researchers - we devote significant funding to international research too. Biomedical science Our biomedical science funding enables the investigation of health and disease in humans and animals. This includes funding for scientists, clinicians and veterinarians at different career stages. Technology transfer Our technology transfer funding supports the development of innovative, early-stage projects with potential medical applications. Medical humanities Our medical humanities funding supports research into biomedical ethics and the history of medicine. Public engagement Our public engagement funding promotes interest, excitement and debate around science and society. Capital funding Our capital funding is for large-scale construction or refurbishment projects in the UK that support science, public engagement, medical history, or the activities of learned societies. Strategic awards Our Strategic Awards provide flexible funding that adds value to excellent research groups. Managing a grant This area contains information and resources to help you manage a grant once it has been awarded, from the grant-start certificate to the end-of-grant report and beyond. Education Resources Teaching and education Resources to help promote contemporary science in the curriculum and to enable young people to engage with biomedical science. Tree of Life Darwin200 Big Picture Science Learning Centres Scientific animations Creative Encounters Courses and conferences Trust-run conferences, courses and workshops for scientists, historians, ethicists, social scientists, teachers, healthcare professionals and policymakers, held in the UK and overseas. Advanced Courses Scientific conferences Conference centres Retreats History of medicine Biomedical ethics Biomedical resources Tools, databases and information to support different areas of biomedical research, including genomics, post-genomics and developmental biology. Animal research Genomics Model organisms Microorganisms Post-genomics Tissues Researcher support Support and advice for all kinds of engagement activities to help you communicate your work in the most effective and rewarding way possible. About researcher support National opportunities Regional opportunities Highlights Publications Browse a wealth of publications covering all aspects of the work we fund. Wellcome Trust websites Explore a range of sites covering key biomedical topics and our public engagement activities.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
View all literature mentionsThe Medical Research Council is a publicly-funded organization dedicated to improving human health. We support research across the entire spectrum of medical sciences, in universities and hospitals, in our own units, centers and institutes in the UK, and in our units in Africa.
View all literature mentionsThe UK''s leading funding agency for academic research and training in the non-clinical life sciences.
View all literature mentionsIndependent body that funds investigator-driven frontier research in the European Union (EU). It is part of the Seventh Research Framework Programme (FP7).
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name C57BL/6J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsRattus norvegicus with name LE-Slc32a1tm1(cre)Sage from RGD.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Myelin Basic Protein (MBP), aa 82-87
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgY (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets GFP
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Tyrosine Hydroxylase
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets Guinea Pig IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Synaptophysin 1
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets MBP
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets mCherry
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets VGAT (cytoplasmic domain)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsStatistical analysis software that combines scientific graphing, comprehensive curve fitting (nonlinear regression), understandable statistics, and data organization. Designed for biological research applications in pharmacology, physiology, and other biological fields for data analysis, hypothesis testing, and modeling.
View all literature mentionslaboratory mouse with name C57BL/6J from MGI.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name STOCK Slc32a1tm2(cre)Lowl/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsUser interface software for Carl Zeiss light microscopy imaging systems. ZEN is the universal user interface you will see on every imaging system from ZEISS. After selecting fluorophore, ZEN applies the necessary settings to collect and organize data.
View all literature mentionsOpen source Java based image processing software program designed for scientific multidimensional images. ImageJ has been transformed to ImageJ2 application to improve data engine to be sufficient to analyze modern datasets.
View all literature mentionsMulti-channel data acquisition software. Multi-channel stimulation/acquisition software with programmable experiment control and automation, software Lock-in amplifier and Photometry/Imaging extension. PATCHMASTER supports all HEKA amplifiers and data acquisition hardware.
View all literature mentionsImaris provides range of capabilities for working with three dimensional images. Uses flexible editing and processing functions, such as interactive surface rendering and object slicing capabilities. And output to standard TIFF, Quicktime and AVI formats. Imaris accepts virtually all image formats that are used in confocal microscopy and many of those used in wide-field image acquisition.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm9(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsFree 3D/4D Microscopy Image Viewer. Used to visualize microscopy images (stacks) in 3D.
View all literature mentionsA vector graphics software which runs on Windows, Mac OS X and GNU/Linux. It can import and export various file formats, including SVG, AI, EPS, PDF, PS and PNG. Features include object creation, object manipulation, color editing, and text editing.
View all literature mentionsMus musculus with name B6.SJL-Slc6a3tm1.1(cre)Bkmn/J from IMSR.
View all literature mentionsSoftware as R package designed for QC, analysis, and exploration of single cell RNA-seq data. Enable users to identify and interpret sources of heterogeneity from single cell transcriptomic measurements, and to integrate diverse types of single cell data.
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