Ipragliflozin is a novel antidiabetic drug that inhibits renal tubular sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ipragliflozin on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and gastrointestinal peptide responses to a meal tolerance test, as well as to investigate the glucose-lowering mechanisms of ipragliflozin.

The aim of this study was to objectively analyze the correlation between dietary components and blood glucose variation by means of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) may play a role in cardiometabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate which biochemical and clinical parameters are independently associated with serum PEDF levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Dulaglutide (Dula) is a once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist that efficiently reduces the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the durability of the glucose-lowering effect of the first injection of Dula (1st Dula) remains unclear.

Body composition is related to cardiometabolic disorders and is a major driver of the growing incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Altered fat distribution and decreased muscle mass are related to dysglycemia and impose adverse health-related outcomes in people with T2DM. Hence, improving body composition and maintaining muscle mass is crucial in T2DM. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are novel glucose-lowering medications gaining popularity because of their cardiorenal-protective effects and weight-lowering characteristics. However, reports on myopathy secondary to SGLT2 inhibitor treatment raised a safety concern. The importance of maintaining muscle mass in people with T2DM necessitates further investigation to explore the impact of novel medications on body composition. In this review, we discussed current evidence on the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on body composition in people with T2DM.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) occurs in approximately 20-40% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients with DKD have a higher risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers and antihyperglycemic drugs form the mainstay of DKD management and aim to restrict progression to more severe stages of DKD. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) control hyperglycemia by blocking renal glucose reabsorption in addition to preventing inflammation, thereby improving endothelial function and reducing oxidative stress; consequently, this class of prescription medicines is emerging as an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium. The EMPA-REG OUTCOME, DECLARE TIMI 58, and CANVAS trials demonstrated the renoprotective effects of SGLT2i, such as restricting decline in glomerular filtration rate, in the progression of albuminuria, and in death due to renal causes. The renoprotection provided by SGLT2i was further confirmed in the CREDENCE study, which showed a 30% reduction in progression of chronic kidney disease, and in the DELIGHT study, which demonstrated a reduction in albuminuria with dapagliflozin compared with placebo (- 21.0%, confidence interval [CI] - 34.1 to - 5.2, p = 0.011). Furthermore, a meta-analysis demonstrated a reduced risk of dialysis, transplantation, or death due to kidney disease (relative risk 0.67; 95% CI 0.52-0.86; p = 0.0019) and a 45% risk reduction in worsening of renal function, end-stage renal disease, or renal death (hazard ratio 0.55, CI 0.48-0.64, p < 0.0001) with SGLT2i, irrespective of baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate. Thus, there is emerging evidence that SGLT2i may be used to curb the mortality and improve the quality of life in patients with DKD. However, clinicians need to effectively select candidates for SGLT2i therapy. In this consensus statement, we have qualitatively synthesized evidence demonstrating the renal effects of SGLT2i and proposed recommendations for optimal use of SGLT2i to effectively manage and delay progression of DKD.

The amino acid 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is the first heme biosynthetic precursor. The combination of 5-ALA with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC) enhances heme production, leading to increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in mitochondria. We investigated whether administering 5-ALA/SFC improves glucose tolerance with an increase in insulin secretion in patients with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), which is characterized by an insulin secretory disorder due to impaired mitochondrial ATP production.

China has the world's largest diabetes epidemic and has been facing a serious shortage of primary care providers for chronic diseases including diabetes. To help primary care physicians follow guidelines and mitigate the workload in primary care communities in China, we developed a guideline-based decision tree. This study aimed to validate it at 3 months with real-world data.

Although the risk of dementia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is double that of those without T2DM, the mechanism remains to be elucidated and the glycemic goal to prevent progression of cognitive impairment is unclear. Results from cross-sectional studies suggest that glucose fluctuations are associated with impairment of cognitive function among T2DM patients. Therefore, the aim of the longitudinal study described here is to evaluate the relationships between glucose fluctuation indexes assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and cognitive function among elderly patients with T2DM.

Imeglimin is a novel antidiabetic drug that amplifies glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and improves insulin sensitivity. Several randomized clinical studies have shown the efficacy of imeglimin for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to evaluate the short-term effects and safety of imeglimin in terms of glycemic control, as assessed by intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM).

Frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is usually required in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the fear of self-testing, hygiene, and social obstacles may deter some patients from SMBG. Flash glucose monitoring (FGM), a less-invasive glucose monitoring method, was launched in Japan in September 2017. The aim of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction and the clinical efficacy of FGM in Japanese patients with T1D.

A recent study demonstrated that large glucose fluctuations were associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and acute myocardial infarction. However, it is unknown whether glucose fluctuations are related to the incidence of CVD or the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with T2DM with no apparent history of CVD. In this protocol, we will be investigating the relationships of glucose fluctuations evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to the incidence of composite cardiovascular events and the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with T2DM who had no apparent history of CVD.

To compare the cost-effectiveness of flash glucose monitoring versus self-monitoring of blood glucose/point of care testing (SMBG/POCT) in both patients with type 1 and patients with type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D) receiving insulin therapy.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in East Asians with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Recent trials have shown that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists considerably reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Oxidative stress, a surrogate marker of cardiovascular risk, is associated with glucose variability. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have compared the effects of injectable semaglutide and dulaglutide therapies on oxidative stress and glucose variability assessed via continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). This study aimed to analyze and compare the effects of semaglutide and dulaglutide therapies on oxidative stress and glucose variability as assessed through CGM.

Clinicopathological analyses revealed that reduction in HbA1c and use of insulin independently contribute to reduction in liver fibrosis scores during the course of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. We will test our hypothesis that lowering glucose and increasing insulin reduce liver fibrosis in NAFLD. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors lower insulin levels and sulfonylureas increase insulin levels, while both lower glucose levels.

We investigated the mechanisms of the glucose-lowering effects of teneligliptin and canagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, by monitoring several gastrointestinal peptides using the most appropriate measuring methods during multiple meal tolerance tests (MTTs) and flash glucose monitoring.

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV) are both new biomarkers for the prognosis of many diseases. This study aimed to observe the predictive values of RDW and MPV for weight loss after different metabolic surgeries in patients with obesity and abnormal glucose metabolism [diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose regulation (DM/IGR)].

Oxidative stress plays a central role in the development and progression of vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We have previously shown that markers of glucose variability evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are positively associated with oxidative stress in patients with T2DM. However, the evaluation of the glycemic variability by CGM remains a time- and money-consuming procedure. Therefore, this study investigated the independent correlates of oxidative stress among various other clinical markers routinely measured in primary care.

Dapagliflozin is a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) indicated for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In monotherapy or as an additive therapy, dapagliflozin aids glycaemic control, is associated with reductions in blood pressure and weight, and promotes a favourable lipid profile. In this review, we address the impact of dapagliflozin on cardiovascular risk factors and common microangiopathic complications such as kidney disease and retinopathy in patients with T2DM. Furthermore, we evaluate its potential beneficial effects on other less frequent complications of diabetes, such as macular oedema, cognitive impairment, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and respiratory disorders during sleep. Moreover, the underuse of SGLT2i in clinical practice is discussed. Our goal is to help translate this evidence into clinical practice.