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Proteolytic cleavage of the dynamin-like guanosine triphosphatase OPA1 in mitochondria is emerging as a central regulatory hub that determines mitochondrial morphology under stress and in disease. Stress-induced OPA1 processing by OMA1 triggersmitochondrial fragmentation, which is associated with mitophagy and apoptosis in vitro. Here, we identify OMA1 as a critical regulator of neuronal survival in vivo and demonstrate that stress-induced OPA1 processing by OMA1 promotes neuronal death and neuroinflammatory responses. Using mice lacking prohibitin membrane scaffolds as a model of neurodegeneration, we demonstrate that additional ablation of Oma1 delays neuronal loss and prolongs lifespan. This is accompanied by the accumulation of fusion-active, long OPA1 forms, which stabilize the mitochondrial genome but do not preserve mitochondrial cristae or respiratory chain supercomplex assembly in prohibitin-depleted neurons. Thus, long OPA1 forms can promote neuronal survival independently of cristae shape, whereas stress-induced OMA1 activation and OPA1 cleavage limit mitochondrial fusion and promote neuronal death.
The m-AAA protease subunit AFG₃L₂ is involved in degradation and processing of substrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Mutations in AFG₃L₂ are associated with spinocerebellar ataxia SCA28 in humans and impair axonal development and neuronal survival in mice. The loss of AFG₃L₂ causes fragmentation of the mitochondrial network. However, the pathogenic mechanism of neurodegeneration in the absence of AFG₃L₂ is still unclear. Here, we show that depletion of AFG₃L₂ leads to a specific defect of anterograde transport of mitochondria in murine cortical neurons. We observe similar transport deficiencies upon loss of AFG₃L₂ in OMA1-deficient neurons, indicating that they are not caused by OMA1-mediated degradation of the dynamin-like GTPase OPA1 and inhibition of mitochondrial fusion. Treatment of neurons with antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine or vitamin E, or decreasing tau levels in axons restored mitochondrial transport in AFG₃L₂-depleted neurons. Consistently, tau hyperphosphorylation and activation of ERK kinases are detected in mouse neurons postnatally deleted for Afg3l2. We propose that reactive oxygen species signaling leads to cytoskeletal modifications that impair mitochondrial transport in neurons lacking AFG₃L₂.
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