This research was designed to investigate the metabolite profiling, phenolics, and flavonoids content as well as the potential antioxidant and antibacterial, properties of orange-yellow resin from Zuccagnia punctata Cav (ZpRe). Metabolite profiling was obtained by a ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography orbitrap MS analysis (UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS-MS). The antioxidant properties were screened by four methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant activity assay (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes (LP)). The antibacterial activity was evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) rules. The resin displayed a strong DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 25.72 µg/mL) and showed a percentage of inhibition of LP close to that of the reference compound catechin (70% at 100 µg ZpRe/mL), while a moderated effect was observed in the FRAP and TEAC assays. The resin showed a content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds of 391 mg GAE/g and 313 mg EQ/g respectively. Fifty phenolics compounds were identified by ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography orbitrap MS analysis (UHPLC-PDA-OT-MS) analysis. Thirty-one compounds are reported for the first time, updating the knowledge on the chemical profile of this species. The importance of the biomolecules identified support traditional use of this endemic plant. Furthermore, additional pharmacological data is presented that increase the potential interest of this plant for industrial sustainable applications.

The decoction of Tessaria absinthioides is used in traditional medicine of South America as hypocholesterolemic, balsamic, and expectorant; but it is also useful for the prevention of hepatitis, renal insufficiency, and diabetes, and is used as digestive. A lyophilized decoction from the aerial parts of this plant (TLD) collected in San Juan (TLDSJ) and Mendoza (TLDM) provinces (Argentina) and one collection from Antofagasta, Chile (TLDCH) were characterized regarding antioxidant and antibacterial activities, phenolics and flavonoids content, and ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography Orbitrap MS analysis UHPLC-PDA-OT-MS/MS metabolite profiling. The antioxidant properties were carried out "in vitro" using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) methods, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipoperoxidation in erythrocytes (LP). The antibacterial activity was evaluated following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) rules. TLDSJ, TLDM, and TLDCH displayed a strong DPPH scavenging activity (EC50 = 42, 41.6, and 43 µg/mL, respectively) and inhibition of lipoperoxidation in erythrocytes (86-88% at 250 µg TLD/mL), while a less effect in the FRAP and TEACantioxidant assays was found. Additionally, the decoctions showed a content of phenolics compounds of 94 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g, 185 GAE/g, and 64 GAE/g, for TLDSJ, TLDM, and TLDCH samples, respectively. Regarding the flavonoid content, the Chilean sample was highlighted with 19 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g. In this work, several phenolic compounds, including sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, were rapidly identified in TLDSJ, TLDM, and TLDCH extracts by means UHPLC-PDA-OT-MS/MS for the first time, which gave a first scientific support to consider this medicinal decoction from both countries as a valuable source of metabolites with antioxidant effects, some with outstanding potential to improve human health.

This research was designed to investigate the metabolite profiling, phenolics and flavonoids content and the potential antioxidant, antibacterial and nematicidal activities of "yellow-brown resins" from Larrea divaricata Cav (LdRe) and L. nitida Cav (LnRe). Metabolite profiling was obtained using an ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography orbitrap MS analysis (UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS). The antioxidant properties were screened by four methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), trolox equivalent antioxidant activity assay (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes (LP). The antibacterial activity was evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. In addition, the potential combinatory effect was analyzed with the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values using the checkerboard design. The nematicidal activity was carried out according to a standardized protocol. LdRe and LnRe showed a strong capture of the DPPH radical withvalues around 8.4 µg resin/mL; FRAP (1.69-1.94 mgTE/ g resin), TEAC (1.08-1.09 mgTE/g resin) and LP (81-82% at 100 µg of resin/mL) assays. A strong antimicrobial activity was displayed by both resins against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923(MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300(MRSA) (MICs = 16-32 µg resin/mL). Additionally, the combination of LdRe or LnRe with the antibiotic cefotaxime showed an indifferent effect (FICI values = 1-1.25), however, this combinationcould be a potential strategy to reduce the drug doses, and in this way can be a potential alternative to reduce bacterial resistance. On the other hand, the resins showed a scarce nematicidal potential toward J2 Meloidogyne incognita; an important nematode infecting horticultural crops. Phenolics compounds were identified by UHPLC-PDA-OT-MS analysis, updating the knowledge on the chemical profile of these species. These results, together with the high content of quantified phenolics and flavonoids, allow the phenolics-enriched resins of these two Larrea species to be considered as a promising sustainable source of compounds of pharmacological interest.

Gypothamnium pinifolium Phil. (Asteraceae) is a small shrub that grows in the Paposo Valley of the II Antofagasta Region of Chile. This initial study is of the high-resolution phenolic fingerprinting, antioxidant activity, the relaxation effects in rat aorta, the inhibitory enzyme potential, plus the antiproliferative activity of the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract from G. pinifolium and its two major isolated secondary metabolites (one coumarin: 2-nor-1,2-secolycoserone, and one diterpene: ent-labda-8,13-E-diene-15-ol). The study involves using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography todiode array detection coupled with Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC-PDA-Orbi-trap-MS), in which various compounds were identified, including specific coumarins. The n-hexane extract showed total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 517.4 ± 12.5 mg GAE/100 g extract and 72.3 ± 3.7 mg QE/100 g extract, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the n-hexane extract was assessed using in-vitro assays such as bleaching of DPPH and ABTS (IC50: 14.3 ± 0.52 and 2.51 ± 0.43 µg extract/mL, respectively), FRAP (347.12 ± 1.15 μmol Trolox equivalent/g extract), and ORAC (287.3 ± 1.54 μmol Trolox equivalents/g extract). Furthermore, the inhibition against cholinesterases (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) 4.58 ± 0.04 µg/mL, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) IC50: 23.44 ± 0.03 µg/mL) and tyrosinase (IC50: 9.25 ± 0.15 µg/mL) enzymes of the n-hexane extract, and main compounds (IC50: 1.21 ± 0.03 µg/mL, 11.23 ± 0.02 µg/mL, 3.23 ± 0.12 µg/mL, and 103.43 ± 16.86 µg/mL, correspondingly for the most active coumarin 1) were measured. The antiproliferative potential of the extracts and the two principal compounds against several solid human cancer cells was investigated. All of them showed good activity against cancer cells. Label-free live-cell imaging studies on HeLa cells exposed to the isolated coumarin and the diterpene enabled the observation of cell death and several apoptotic hallmarks. Our results indicate that G. pinifolium Phil. is a valuable source of secondary metabolites with potential activity against noncommunicable diseases.