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Recent discovery of PYR/PYL/RCAR-type abscisic acid (ABA) receptors has become one of most significant advances in plant science in the past decade. In mammals, endosomal sorting acts as an important pathway to downregulate different types of receptors, but its role in plant hormone signaling is poorly understood. Here, we report that an ubiquitin E2-like protein, VPS23A, which is a key component of ESCRT-I, negatively regulates ABA signaling. VPS23A has epistatic relationship with PYR/PYL/RCAR-type ABA receptors and disruption of VPS23A enhanced the activity of key kinase OST1 in the ABA signaling pathway under ABA treatment. Moreover, VPS23A interacts with PYR1/PYLs and K63-linked diubiquitin, and PYL4 possesses K63-linked ubiquitinated modification in vivo. Further analysis revealed that VPS23A affects the subcellular localization of PYR1 and the stability of PYL4. Taken together, our results suggest that VPS23A affects PYR1/PYL4 via vacuole-mediated degradation, providing an advanced understanding of both the turnover of ABA receptors and ESCRTs in plant hormone signaling.
Plants adapt to their ever-changing environment via positive and negative signals induced by environmental stimuli. Drought stress, for instance, induces accumulation of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), triggering ABA signal transduction. However, the molecular mechanisms for switching between plant growth promotion and stress response remain poorly understood. Here we report that RAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma)-LIKE MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE KINASE 22 (RAF22) in Arabidopsis thaliana physically interacts with ABA INSENSITIVE 1 (ABI1) and phosphorylates ABI1 at Ser416 residue to enhance its phosphatase activity. Interestingly, ABI1 can also enhance the activity of RAF22 through dephosphorylation, reciprocally inhibiting ABA signaling and promoting the maintenance of plant growth under normal conditions. Under drought stress, however, the ABA-activated OPEN STOMATA1 (OST1) phosphorylates the Ser81 residue of RAF22 and inhibits its kinase activity, restraining its enhancement of ABI1 activity. Taken together, our study reveals that RAF22, ABI1, and OST1 form a dynamic regulatory network that plays crucial roles in optimizing plant growth and environmental adaptation under drought stress.
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