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Coleoid cephalopods, a subclass of mollusks that includes octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid, exhibit sophisticated biological features, such as dynamic and neurally driven camouflage behavior, inter-individual communication, single-lens camera-like eyes, the largest brains among invertebrates, and a distinctive embryonic development. The common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis has served as a model organism in various research fields, spanning biophysics, neurobiology, behavior, evolution, ecology, and biomechanics. More recently, it has become a model to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cephalopod camouflage, using quantitative behavioral approaches alongside molecular techniques to characterize the identity, evolution, and development of neuronal cell types. Despite significant interest in this animal, a high-quality, annotated genome of this species is still lacking. To address this, we sequenced and assembled a chromosome-scale genome for S. officinalis. Our assembly spans 5.68 billion base pairs and comprises 1n=47 repeat-rich chromosome scaffolds. This was unexpected because the haploid karyotypes of other decapods indicate 46 chromosomes. Detailed comparisons of our data to those from published decapod genome assemblies and to another recent genome assembly of S. officinalis (itself suggesting 1n=49 chromosomes) in fact revealed clear homologies between 46 scaffolds across all the datasets. In-depth comparison of datasets reveals highly repetitive regions at discordant scaffold boundaries and suggests that the true karyotype of S. officinalis is probably 1n=46 chromosomes, a likely ancestral and if true, conserved decapod karyotype. Our results include a comprehensive gene annotation and full-length transcript prediction, which we used to characterize orthologous gene families across mollusks. We identified several large-scale expansions specific to cephalopods, with many genes specific to neural or non-neural tissues of adult S. officinalis. In summary, this genome should provide a valuable resource for future research on the evolution, brain organization, information processing, development, and behavior in this important clade.
Pubmed ID: 42206967
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A database of orthologous groups of genes. The orthologous groups are annotated with functional description lines (derived by identifying a common denominator for the genes based on their various annotations), with functional categories (i.e derived from the original COG/KOG categories). eggNOG's database currently counts 1.7 million orthologous groups in 3686 species, covering over 7.7 million proteins (built from 9.6 million proteins). (Jan 30, 2014)
View all literature mentionsRepository for all research outputs from across all fields of science in any file format as well as both positive and negative results. They assign all publicly available uploads a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to make the upload easily and uniquely citeable. They further support harvesting of all content via the OAI-PMH protocol. They promote peer-reviewed openly accessible research, and curate uploads. ZENODO allows users to create their own collection and accept or reject all uploads to it. They allow for uploading under a multitude of different licenses and access levels.
View all literature mentionsSoftware performing alignment of high-throughput RNA-seq data. Aligns RNA-seq reads to reference genome using uncompressed suffix arrays.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package for functional analysis of sequences by classifying them into families and predicting presence of domains and sites. Scans sequences against InterPro's signatures. Characterizes nucleotide or protein function by matching it with models from several different databases. Used in large scale analysis of whole proteomes, genomes and metagenomes. Available as Web based version and standalone Perl version and SOAP Web Service.
View all literature mentionsIndependent body that funds investigator-driven frontier research in the European Union (EU). It is part of the Seventh Research Framework Programme (FP7).
View all literature mentionsA read summarization program, which counts mapped reads for the genomic features such as genes and exons.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool that screens DNA sequences for interspersed repeats and low complexity DNA sequences. The output of the program is a detailed annotation of the repeats that are present in the query sequence as well as a modified version of the query sequence in which all the annotated repeats have been masked (default: replaced by Ns). Currently over 56% of human genomic sequence is identified and masked by the program. Sequence comparisons in RepeatMasker are performed by one of several popular search engines including nhmmer, cross_match, ABBlast/WUBlast, RMBlast and Decypher. RepeatMasker makes use of curated libraries of repeats and currently supports Dfam ( profile HMM library ) and RepBase ( consensus sequence library ).
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool to quantitatively measure genome assembly and annotation completeness based on evolutionarily informed expectations of gene content.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package for differential gene expression analysis based on the negative binomial distribution. Used for analyzing RNA-seq data for differential analysis of count data, using shrinkage estimation for dispersions and fold changes to improve stability and interpretability of estimates.
View all literature mentionsSoftware application for assembling of RNA-Seq alignments into potential transcripts. It enables improved reconstruction of a transcriptome from RNA-seq reads. This transcript assembling and quantification program is implemented in C++ .
View all literature mentionsSoftware Python application for comparative genomics analysis. Finds orthogroups and orthologs, infers rooted gene trees for all orthogroups and identifies all of gene duplcation events in those gene trees, infers rooted species tree for species being analysed and maps gene duplication events from gene trees to branches in species tree, improves orthogroup inference accuracy. Runs set of protein sequence files, one per species, in FASTA format.
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