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Population genomics reveals deep diversification in Malayan pangolins.

Bo Li | Haimeng Li | Minhui Shi | Qing Wang | Huixin Li | Ce Guo | Jingyang Hu | Boyang Liu | Yinping Tian | Shanlin Liu | Kristen Finch | Shiqing Wang | Shangchen Yang | Liangyu Cui | Jun Li | Xilong Zhao | Zhangwen Deng | Yue Ma | Hyeon Jeong Kim | Samuel K Wasser | Kai Wang | Haorong Lu | Jin Chen | Huabing Guo | Yan Yao | Hui Xie | Yiyi Wang | Jiale Fan | Yu Lin | Yinmeng Hou | Yuan Fu | Chuan Jiang | Jinyao Lu | Siyuan Li | Zhaowen Qiu | Wei Zhang | Suying Bai | Lei Han | Zhen Wang | Chen Wang | Jiahao Li | Yuze Jiang | Shasha Liu | Jiayi Wang | Li Yu | Qiye Li | Li Li | Yan Hua | Tianming Lan | Yanchun Xu
Molecular biology and evolution | 2026

Archipelagos and oceanic islands have remarkably high levels of endemism, which is associated with rapid speciation. The Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica), one of critically endangered Asia pangolin species, occurs in southern Yunnan, China, and on oceanic islands via the Malay peninsula. The question of whether the distribution of Malayan pangolins between the mainland and nearby marine islands has led to deep population differentiation is not well addressed. In-depth investigation of population structure and genetic consequences is of vital importance for protection and conservation of Malayan pangolins. Here we carried out a large-scale population genomic analysis for Malayan pangolins, which revealed three highly distinct genetic populations. The largest population was found to be distributed over a wide area extending from mainland China to almost the whole of South East Asia. The other two smaller populations reported in this study were inferred from Borneo. In addition, based on multiple lines of genomic and skull morphological evidences, we confirmed the existence of a fifth Asian pangolin species (M. mysteria). Genetic diversity and genome-wide inbreeding were at moderate levels, indicating that anthropogenic factors did not significantly weaken the basis of genetic sustainability for Malayan pangolins. However, Malayan pangolins from northeastern Borneo exhibited low genetic diversity, high levels of inbreeding and mutational load, thereby necessitating attention to their protection.

Pubmed ID: 41543495

Research resources used in this publication

None found

Antibodies used in this publication

None found

Associated grants

  • Agency: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,
    Id: 2572020DR10
  • Agency: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,
    Id: 2572025JT07
  • Agency: National Key Program of Research and Development, Ministry of Science and Technology,
    Id: 2022YFF1301500
  • Agency: Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation,
    Id: LBH-Z 20073
  • Agency: Guidance Category Project of Key Research and Development Plan in Heilongjiang Province,
    Id: GZ2024010
  • Agency: National Natural Science Foundation of China,
    Id: 32570587
  • Agency: National Natural Science Foundation of China,
    Id: 32500422
  • Agency: Start-up Scientific Foundation of Northeast Forestry University,
    Id: 60201524043
  • Agency: Hunan Provincial Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Plan Project,
    Id: XLK201915
  • Agency: Rare and Endangered Species Investigation and Industry Regulation Project,
    Id: 2020070209
  • Agency: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write,
    Id: 2017B030301011
  • Agency: Xingdian Talent Fund Project of Yunnan Province, Basic research of Yunnan Province,
    Id: 202301AT070185
  • Agency: Joint Funding of the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department and Yunnan University,
    Id: 202401BF070001-018

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This is a list of tools and resources that we have found mentioned in this publication.


VCFtools (tool)

RRID:SCR_001235

Software package for working with VCF files. Used to provide easily accessible methods for working with complex genetic variation data in the form of VCF files.Implements various utilities for processing Variant Call Format files, including validation, merging, comparing. Provides general Perl API.

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PLINK (tool)

RRID:SCR_001757

Open source whole genome association analysis toolset, designed to perform range of basic, large scale analyses in computationally efficient manner. Used for analysis of genotype/phenotype data. Through integration with gPLINK and Haploview, there is some support for subsequent visualization, annotation and storage of results. PLINK 1.9 is improved and second generation of the software.

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GATK (tool)

RRID:SCR_001876

A software package to analyze next-generation resequencing data. The toolkit offers a wide variety of tools, with a primary focus on variant discovery and genotyping as well as strong emphasis on data quality assurance. Its robust architecture, powerful processing engine and high-performance computing features make it capable of taking on projects of any size. This software library makes writing efficient analysis tools using next-generation sequencing data very easy, and second it's a suite of tools for working with human medical resequencing projects such as 1000 Genomes and The Cancer Genome Atlas. These tools include things like a depth of coverage analyzers, a quality score recalibrator, a SNP/indel caller and a local realigner. (entry from Genetic Analysis Software)

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SAMTOOLS (tool)

RRID:SCR_002105

Original SAMTOOLS package has been split into three separate repositories including Samtools, BCFtools and HTSlib. Samtools for manipulating next generation sequencing data used for reading, writing, editing, indexing,viewing nucleotide alignments in SAM,BAM,CRAM format. BCFtools used for reading, writing BCF2,VCF, gVCF files and calling, filtering, summarising SNP and short indel sequence variants. HTSlib used for reading, writing high throughput sequencing data.

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SnpEff (tool)

RRID:SCR_005191

Genetic variant annotation and effect prediction software toolbox that annotates and predicts effects of variants on genes (such as amino acid changes). By using standards, such as VCF, SnpEff makes it easy to integrate with other programs.

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Picard (tool)

RRID:SCR_006525

Java toolset for working with next generation sequencing data in the BAM format.

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iTOL (tool)

RRID:SCR_018174

Web tool for display, annotation and management of phylogenetic trees. Accessible with any modern web browser.

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POPART (tool)

RRID:SCR_021924

Software package that provides implementation of haplotype network methods, phylogeographic visualisation tools and standard statistical tests, together with publication ready figure production.Population genetics software. Used to understand evolutionary relationships among populations.

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