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Telomere-to-telomere Phragmites australis reference genome assembly with a B chromosome provides insights into its evolution and polysaccharide biosynthesis.

Jipeng Cui | Rui Wang | Ruoqing Gu | Minghui Chen | Ziyao Wang | Li Li | Jianming Hong | Suxia Cui
Communications biology | 2025

Phragmites australis is a globally distributed grass species (Poaceae) recognized for its vast biomass and exceptional environmental adaptability, making it an ideal model for studying wetland ecosystems and plant stress resilience. However, genomic resources for this species have been limited. In this study, we assembled a chromosome-level reference genome of P. australis containing one B chromosome. An explosion of LTR-RTs, centered on the Copia family, occurred during the late Pleistocene, driving the expansion of P. australis genome size and subgenomic differentiation. Comparative genomic analysis showed that P. australis underwent two whole gene duplication events, was segregated from Cleistogenes songorica at 34.6 Mya, and that 41.26% of the gene families underwent expansion. Based on multi-tissue transcriptomic data, we identified structural genes in the biosynthetic pathway of pharmacologically active Phragmitis rhizoma polysaccharides with essential roles in rhizome development. This study deepens our understanding of Arundinoideae evolution, genome dynamics, and the genetic basis of key traits, providing essential data and a genetic foundation for wetland restoration, bioenergy development, and plant stress.

Pubmed ID: 39825185

Associated grants

  • Agency: National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China),
    Id: 31972934, 31170784

Publication data is provided by the National Library of Medicine ® and PubMed ®. Data is retrieved from PubMed ® on a weekly schedule. For terms and conditions see the National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions.

This is a list of tools and resources that we have found mentioned in this publication.


BLASTN (tool)

RRID:SCR_001598

Web application to search nucleotide databases using a nucleotide query. Algorithms: blastn, megablast, discontiguous megablast.

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GATK (tool)

RRID:SCR_001876

A software package to analyze next-generation resequencing data. The toolkit offers a wide variety of tools, with a primary focus on variant discovery and genotyping as well as strong emphasis on data quality assurance. Its robust architecture, powerful processing engine and high-performance computing features make it capable of taking on projects of any size. This software library makes writing efficient analysis tools using next-generation sequencing data very easy, and second it's a suite of tools for working with human medical resequencing projects such as 1000 Genomes and The Cancer Genome Atlas. These tools include things like a depth of coverage analyzers, a quality score recalibrator, a SNP/indel caller and a local realigner. (entry from Genetic Analysis Software)

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RAxML (tool)

RRID:SCR_006086

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Promega (tool)

RRID:SCR_006724

An Antibody supplier

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MicroCosm Targets (tool)

RRID:SCR_010846

Database of computationally predicted targets for microRNAs across many species.

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Trimmomatic (tool)

RRID:SCR_011848

Software Java pipeline for trimming tasks for Illumina paired end and single ended data. Flexible Trimmer for Illumina Sequence Data. Pair aware preprocessing tool optimized for Illumina next generation sequencing data. Includes several processing steps for read trimming and filtering. Operating systems Unix/Linux, Mac OS, Windows.

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KEGG (tool)

RRID:SCR_012773

Integrated database resource consisting of 16 main databases, broadly categorized into systems information, genomic information, and chemical information. In particular, gene catalogs in completely sequenced genomes are linked to higher-level systemic functions of cell, organism, and ecosystem. Analysis tools are also available. KEGG may be used as reference knowledge base for biological interpretation of large-scale datasets generated by sequencing and other high-throughput experimental technologies.

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featureCounts (tool)

RRID:SCR_012919

A read summarization program, which counts mapped reads for the genomic features such as genes and exons.

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RepeatMasker (tool)

RRID:SCR_012954

Software tool that screens DNA sequences for interspersed repeats and low complexity DNA sequences. The output of the program is a detailed annotation of the repeats that are present in the query sequence as well as a modified version of the query sequence in which all the annotated repeats have been masked (default: replaced by Ns). Currently over 56% of human genomic sequence is identified and masked by the program. Sequence comparisons in RepeatMasker are performed by one of several popular search engines including nhmmer, cross_match, ABBlast/WUBlast, RMBlast and Decypher. RepeatMasker makes use of curated libraries of repeats and currently supports Dfam ( profile HMM library ) and RepBase ( consensus sequence library ).

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BUSCO (tool)

RRID:SCR_015008

Software tool to quantitatively measure genome assembly and annotation completeness based on evolutionarily informed expectations of gene content.

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RepeatModeler (tool)

RRID:SCR_015027

Sequence analysis software that performs repeat family identification and creates models for sequence data. RepeatModeler utilizes RepeatScout and RECON to identify repeat element boundaries and family relationships.

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CEGMA (tool)

RRID:SCR_015055

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on January 19, 2022. Tool to annotate core genes in eukaryotic genomes (that was replaced by BUSCO). Its resulting core gene dataset can be used to train a gene finder or to assess the completeness of the genome or annotations.

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HISAT2 (tool)

RRID:SCR_015530

Graph-based alignment of next generation sequencing reads to a population of genomes.

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IndelGenotyper (tool)

RRID:SCR_016663

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on July 18th,2023. Software package for genome analysis. Used for analysis of next generation genomic data in cancer.

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CCS (tool)

RRID:SCR_024379

Software to generate highly accurate single molecule consensus reads.

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