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Experience shapes the brain as neural circuits can be modified by neural stimulation or the lack of it. The molecular mechanisms underlying structural circuit plasticity and how plasticity modifies behaviour are poorly understood. Subjective experience requires dopamine, a neuromodulator that assigns a value to stimuli, and it also controls behaviour, including locomotion, learning, and memory. In Drosophila, Toll receptors are ideally placed to translate experience into structural brain change. Toll-6 is expressed in dopaminergic neurons (DANs), raising the intriguing possibility that Toll-6 could regulate structural plasticity in dopaminergic circuits. Drosophila neurotrophin-2 (DNT-2) is the ligand for Toll-6 and Kek-6, but whether it is required for circuit structural plasticity was unknown. Here, we show that DNT-2-expressing neurons connect with DANs, and they modulate each other. Loss of function for DNT-2 or its receptors Toll-6 and kinase-less Trk-like kek-6 caused DAN and synapse loss, impaired dendrite growth and connectivity, decreased synaptic sites, and caused locomotion deficits. In contrast, over-expressed DNT-2 increased DAN cell number, dendrite complexity, and promoted synaptogenesis. Neuronal activity modified DNT-2, increased synaptogenesis in DNT-2-positive neurons and DANs, and over-expression of DNT-2 did too. Altering the levels of DNT-2 or Toll-6 also modified dopamine-dependent behaviours, including locomotion and long-term memory. To conclude, a feedback loop involving dopamine and DNT-2 highlighted the circuits engaged, and DNT-2 with Toll-6 and Kek-6 induced structural plasticity in this circuit modifying brain function and behaviour.
Pubmed ID: 39704728
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Non-profit plasmid repository dedicated to helping scientists around the world share high-quality plasmids. Facilitates archiving and distributing DNA-based research reagents and associated data to scientists worldwide. Repository contains over 65,000 plasmids, including special collections on CRISPR, fluorescent proteins, and ready-to-use viral preparations. There is no cost for scientists to deposit plasmids, which saves time and money associated with shipping plasmids themselves. All plasmids are fully sequenced for validation and sequencing data is openly available. We handle the appropriate Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) with institutions, facilitating open exchange and offering intellectual property and liability protection for depositing scientists. Furthermore, we curate free educational resources for the scientific community including a blog, eBooks, video protocols, and detailed molecular biology resources.
View all literature mentionsCommercial antibody vendor which supplies antibodies and other products to life science researchers.
View all literature mentionsAmerican chemical, life science and biotechnology company owned by Merck KGaA. Merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical Company. Provides organic and inorganic chemicals, building blocks, reagents, advanced materials and stable isotopes for chemical synthesis, medicinal chemistry and materials science, antibiotics, buffers, carbohydrates, enzymes, forensic tools, hematology and histology, nucleotides, proteins, peptides, amino acids and their derivatives.
View all literature mentionsWeb application to track the pose (position, orientation, size, wing- and leg positions) of multiple flies and maintain their identities throughout video. Outputs features (such as velocity, facing angle to other fly, and wing angles) useful for behavior analysis.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118] P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=10xUAS-IVS-myr::smGdP-HA}attP18 P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=13xLexAop2-IVS-myr::smGdP-V5}su(Hw)attP8; sna[Sco]/CyO; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=R58E02-GAL4.DBD}attP2 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[*]; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=10XUAS-IVS-mCD8::GFP}attP40 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{GD35}v928 from Flybase.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets HA Epitope Tag Antibody
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets GFP-1010
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Serotonin
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
View all literature mentionsThis unknown targets
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Bruchpilot
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Tyrosine Hydroxylase
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgY (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets GAPDH
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets choline acetyltransferase
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal secondary targets IgG (H+L)
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets GFP
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets DsRed
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets V5 Tag
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name y[1] w[*] P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=UAS-myrGFP.QUAS-mtdTomato-3xHA}su(Hw)attP8; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=trans-Tango}attP40 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsVector graphics software to create digital graphics, illustrations, and typography for several types of media: print, web, interactive, video, and mobile.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name y[1] v[1]; P{y[+t7.7] v[+t1.8]=TRiP.HMS04251}attP2 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for image processing, analysis, and editing. The software includes features such as touch capabilities, a customizable toolbar, 2D and 3D image merging, and Cloud access and options.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name y[1] w[67c23]; P{w[+m*]=mb247-GAL80.T}2 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[*]; P{w[+mW.hs]=GawB}MD806/TM6B, Tb[1] from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsImaris provides range of capabilities for working with three dimensional images. Uses flexible editing and processing functions, such as interactive surface rendering and object slicing capabilities. And output to standard TIFF, Quicktime and AVI formats. Imaris accepts virtually all image formats that are used in confocal microscopy and many of those used in wide-field image acquisition.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=13XLexAop2-IVS-GCaMP6s-p10}su(Hw)attP5 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=GMR58E02-lexA}attP40 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=GMR14C08-lexA}attP40 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=GMR58E02-GAL4}attP2 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{w[+mC]=UAS-Epac1-camps}55A from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=R22B12-GAL4.DBD}attP2 PBac{y[+mDint2] w[+mC]=ple-p65.AD}VK00027 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118] P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=hs-FLPG5.PEST}attP3; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=10xUAS(FRT.stop)myr::smGdP-OLLAS}attP2 PBac{y[+mDint2] w[+mC]=10xUAS(FRT.stop)myr::smGdP-HA}VK00005 P{10xUAS(FRT.stop)myr::smGdP-V5-THS-10xUAS(FRT.stop)myr::smGdP-FLAG}su(Hw)attP1 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name y[1] v[1]; P{y[+t7.7] v[+t1.8]=TRiP.HMC02988}attP40 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=13XLexAop2-IVS-GCaMP6s-p10}su(Hw)attP1 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsStatistical analysis software that combines scientific graphing, comprehensive curve fitting (nonlinear regression), understandable statistics, and data organization. Designed for biological research applications in pharmacology, physiology, and other biological fields for data analysis, hypothesis testing, and modeling.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[*]; P{w[+mC]=UAS-syt.eGFP}2 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name y[1] w[*] P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=10XUAS-IVS-mCD8::RFP}attP18 P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=13XLexAop2-mCD8::GFP}su(Hw)attP8 from BDSC.
View all literature mentionsMulti paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language developed by MathWorks. Allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, Fortran and Python. Used to explore and visualize ideas and collaborate across disciplines including signal and image processing, communications, control systems, and computational finance.
View all literature mentionsDrosophila melanogaster with name w[1118]; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=R71D01-p65.AD}attP40; P{y[+t7.7] w[+mC]=R58F02-GAL4.DBD}attP2 from BDSC.
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