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Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XBB variant derived from recombination of two Omicron subvariants.

Tomokazu Tamura | Jumpei Ito | Keiya Uriu | Jiri Zahradnik | Izumi Kida | Yuki Anraku | Hesham Nasser | Maya Shofa | Yoshitaka Oda | Spyros Lytras | Naganori Nao | Yukari Itakura | Sayaka Deguchi | Rigel Suzuki | Lei Wang | Mst Monira Begum | Shunsuke Kita | Hisano Yajima | Jiei Sasaki | Kaori Sasaki-Tabata | Ryo Shimizu | Masumi Tsuda | Yusuke Kosugi | Shigeru Fujita | Lin Pan | Daniel Sauter | Kumiko Yoshimatsu | Saori Suzuki | Hiroyuki Asakura | Mami Nagashima | Kenji Sadamasu | Kazuhisa Yoshimura | Yuki Yamamoto | Tetsuharu Nagamoto | Gideon Schreiber | Katsumi Maenaka | Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium | Takao Hashiguchi | Terumasa Ikeda | Takasuke Fukuhara | Akatsuki Saito | Shinya Tanaka | Keita Matsuno | Kazuo Takayama | Kei Sato
Nature communications | 2023

In late 2022, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants have become highly diversified, and XBB is spreading rapidly around the world. Our phylogenetic analyses suggested that XBB emerged through the recombination of two cocirculating BA.2 lineages, BJ.1 and BM.1.1.1 (a progeny of BA.2.75), during the summer of 2022. XBB.1 is the variant most profoundly resistant to BA.2/5 breakthrough infection sera to date and is more fusogenic than BA.2.75. The recombination breakpoint is located in the receptor-binding domain of spike, and each region of the recombinant spike confers immune evasion and increases fusogenicity. We further provide the structural basis for the interaction between XBB.1 spike and human ACE2. Finally, the intrinsic pathogenicity of XBB.1 in male hamsters is comparable to or even lower than that of BA.2.75. Our multiscale investigation provides evidence suggesting that XBB is the first observed SARS-CoV-2 variant to increase its fitness through recombination rather than substitutions.

Pubmed ID: 37193706

Publication data is provided by the National Library of Medicine ® and PubMed ®. Data is retrieved from PubMed ® on a weekly schedule. For terms and conditions see the National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions.

This is a list of tools and resources that we have found mentioned in this publication.


Sequencher (tool)

RRID:SCR_001528

Software for Next-Generation DNA sequencing, Sanger DNA analysis, and RNA sequencing. It contains sequence analysis tools which include reference-guided alignments, de novo assembly, variant calling, and SNP analyses. It has integrated the Cufflinks suite for in-depth transcript analysis and differential gene expression of RNA-Seq data.

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ATCC (tool)

RRID:SCR_001672

Global nonprofit biological resource center (BRC) and research organization that provides biological products, technical services and educational programs to private industry, government and academic organizations. Its mission is to acquire, authenticate, preserve, develop and distribute biological materials, information, technology, intellectual property and standards for the advancement and application of scientific knowledge. The primary purpose of ATCC is to use its resources and experience as a BRC to become the world leader in standard biological reference materials management, intellectual property resource management and translational research as applied to biomaterial development, standardization and certification. ATCC characterizes cell lines, bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa, as well as develops and evaluates assays and techniques for validating research resources and preserving and distributing biological materials to the public and private sector research communities.

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R Project for Statistical Computing (tool)

RRID:SCR_001905

Software environment and programming language for statistical computing and graphics. R is integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation, calculation and graphical display. Can be extended via packages. Some packages are supplied with the R distribution and more are available through CRAN family.It compiles and runs on wide variety of UNIX platforms, Windows and MacOS.

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SAMTOOLS (tool)

RRID:SCR_002105

Original SAMTOOLS package has been split into three separate repositories including Samtools, BCFtools and HTSlib. Samtools for manipulating next generation sequencing data used for reading, writing, editing, indexing,viewing nucleotide alignments in SAM,BAM,CRAM format. BCFtools used for reading, writing BCF2,VCF, gVCF files and calling, filtering, summarising SNP and short indel sequence variants. HTSlib used for reading, writing high throughput sequencing data.

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Fiji (tool)

RRID:SCR_002285

Software package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.

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GenBank (tool)

RRID:SCR_002760

NIH genetic sequence database that provides annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences for almost 280 000 formally described species (Jan 2014) .These sequences are obtained primarily through submissions from individual laboratories and batch submissions from large-scale sequencing projects, including whole-genome shotgun (WGS) and environmental sampling projects. Most submissions are made using web-based BankIt or standalone Sequin programs, and GenBank staff assigns accession numbers upon data receipt. It is part of International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration and daily data exchange with European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) ensures worldwide coverage. GenBank is accessible through NCBI Entrez retrieval system, which integrates data from major DNA and protein sequence databases along with taxonomy, genome, mapping, protein structure and domain information, and biomedical journal literature via PubMed. BLAST provides sequence similarity searches of GenBank and other sequence databases. Complete bimonthly releases and daily updates of GenBank database are available by FTP.

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SnpEff (tool)

RRID:SCR_005191

Genetic variant annotation and effect prediction software toolbox that annotates and predicts effects of variants on genes (such as amino acid changes). By using standards, such as VCF, SnpEff makes it easy to integrate with other programs.

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Promega (tool)

RRID:SCR_006724

An Antibody supplier

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PeproTech (tool)

RRID:SCR_006802

An Antibody supplier

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Thermo Fisher Scientific (tool)

RRID:SCR_008452

Commercial vendor and service provider of laboratory reagents and antibodies. Supplier of scientific instrumentation, reagents and consumables, and software services.

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FlowJo (tool)

RRID:SCR_008520

Software for single-cell flow cytometry analysis. Its functions include management, display, manipulation, analysis and publication of the data stream produced by flow and mass cytometers.

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BEAST (tool)

RRID:SCR_010228

A cross-platform software program for Bayesian MCMC analysis of molecular sequences. It is entirely orientated towards rooted, time-measured phylogenies inferred using strict or relaxed molecular clock models. It can be used as a method of reconstructing phylogenies but is also a framework for testing evolutionary hypotheses without conditioning on a single tree topology. BEAST uses MCMC to average over tree space, so that each tree is weighted proportional to its posterior probability. We include a simple to use user-interface program for setting up standard analyses and a suit of programs for analysing the results.

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BD Biosciences (tool)

RRID:SCR_013311

An Antibody supplier

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New England Biolabs (tool)

RRID:SCR_013517

An Antibody supplier

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Coot (tool)

RRID:SCR_014222

Software for macromolecular model building, model completion and validation, and protein modelling using X-ray data. Coot displays maps and models and allows model manipulations such as idealization, rigid-body fitting, ligand search, Ramachandran plots, non-crystallographic symmetry and more. Source code is available.

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Phenix (tool)

RRID:SCR_014224

A Python-based software suite for the automated determination of molecular structures using X-ray crystallography and other methods. Phenix includes programs for assessing data quality, experimental phasing, molecular replacement, model building, structure refinement, and validation. It also includes tools for reflection data and creating maps and models. Phenix can also be used for neutron crystallography. Tutorials and examples are available in the documentation tab.

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cryoSPARC (tool)

RRID:SCR_016501

Software integrated platform used for obtaining 3D structural information from single particle cryo-EM data. Enables automated, high quality and high-throughput structure discovery of proteins, viruses and molecular complexes for research and drug discovery.

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Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (tool)

RRID:SCR_018251

Portal to share hCoV-19 genome sequences. Collection of genome sequences and related clinical and epidemiological data associated with coronavirus hCoV-19. Global repository of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Initiative involves public-private-partnerships between Freunde of GISAID and governments of Federal Republic of Germany, Singapore and United States of America, with support from private and corporate philanthropy.International database of hCoV-19 genome sequences and related clinical and epidemiological data. Resource for influenza and hCoV-19 data.

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Stan (tool)

RRID:SCR_018459

Probabilistic programming language for specifying statistical models. Defines log probability function over parameters conditioned on specified data and constants. Platform for statistical modeling and high performance statistical computation. Provides full Bayesian inference for posterior expectations including parameter estimation and posterior predictive inference by defining appropriate derived quantities of interest.

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BWA-MEM2 (tool)

RRID:SCR_022192

Software tool for sequence mapping.The next version of BWA-MEM. Used for aligning sequencing reads against large reference genome.

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HEK293 (tool)

RRID:CVCL_0045

Cell line HEK293 is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)

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HEK293T (tool)

RRID:CVCL_0063

Cell line HEK293T is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)

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VeroE6/TMPRSS2 (tool)

RRID:CVCL_YQ49

Cell line VeroE6/TMPRSS2 is a Spontaneously immortalized cell line with a species of origin Chlorocebus sabaeus (Green monkey)

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Vero (tool)

RRID:CVCL_0059

Cell line Vero is a Spontaneously immortalized cell line with a species of origin Chlorocebus sabaeus

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Vero C1008 (tool)

RRID:CVCL_0574

Cell line Vero C1008 is a Spontaneously immortalized cell line with a species of origin Chlorocebus sabaeus

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Calu-3 (tool)

RRID:CVCL_0609

Cell line Calu-3 is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)

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HEK293S (tool)

RRID:CVCL_A784

Cell line HEK293S is a Transformed cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)

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