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Partial phagocytosis-called trogocytosis-of axons by microglia has been documented in ex vivo preparations but has not been directly observed in vivo. The mechanisms that modulate microglial trogocytosis of axons and its function in neural circuit development remain poorly understood. Here, we directly observe axon trogocytosis by microglia in vivo in the developing Xenopus laevis retinotectal circuit. We show that microglia regulate pruning of retinal ganglion cell axons and are important for proper behavioral response to dark and bright looming stimuli. Using bioinformatics, we identify amphibian regulator of complement activation 3, a homolog of human CD46, as a neuronally expressed synapse-associated complement inhibitory molecule that inhibits trogocytosis and axonal pruning. Using a membrane-bound complement C3 fusion protein, we demonstrate that enhancing complement activity enhances axonal pruning. Our results support the model that microglia remodel axons via trogocytosis and that neurons can control this process through expression of complement inhibitory proteins.
Pubmed ID: 33724186
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A commercial organization which provides assay technologies to isolate DNA, RNA, and proteins from any biological sample. Assay technologies are then used to make specific target biomolecules, such as the DNA of a specific virus, visible for subsequent analysis.
View all literature mentionsAmerican chemical, life science and biotechnology company owned by Merck KGaA. Merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical Company. Provides organic and inorganic chemicals, building blocks, reagents, advanced materials and stable isotopes for chemical synthesis, medicinal chemistry and materials science, antibiotics, buffers, carbohydrates, enzymes, forensic tools, hematology and histology, nucleotides, proteins, peptides, amino acids and their derivatives.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on February 1st, 2022. Software application for genetic analysis of classical biometric traits like blood pressure or height that are caused by a combination of polygenic inheritance and complex environmental forces. (entry from Genetic Analysis Software)
View all literature mentionsComputer vision and machine learning software library which provides a common infrastructure for computer vision applications. The algorithms within the library can be used to detect and recognize faces, identify objects, classify human actions in videos, track camera movements and moving objects, extract 3D models of objects, produce 3D point clouds from stereo cameras, stitch images together to produce a high resolution image of an entire scene, find similar images from an image database, and follow eye movements, recognize scenery and establish markers to overlay it with augmented reality. It has C++, C, Python, Java and MATLAB interfaces.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool that extends WholeBrain framework in R for segmenting and registering experimental images to Allen Mouse Common Coordinate Framework (CCF). Streamlines processing of large volumetric LSFM datasets and solves issues with non-uniform morphing across anterior-posterior axis with interactive “choice game.” Accounts for duplicate cell counts in adjacent z images and presents new ways to easily parse apart and interactively visualize final mapped datasets.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool to provide color schemes for maps and other graphics. R package to create colorful graphs with pre-made color palettes that visualize data.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool as plugin for ImageJ. Used for 3D objects and image can be segmented directly within plugin via 3D segment button.
View all literature mentionsSoftware repository for R packages related to analysis and comprehension of high throughput genomic data. Uses separate set of commands for installation of packages. Software project based on R programming language that provides tools for analysis and comprehension of high throughput genomic data.
View all literature mentionsImaris provides range of capabilities for working with three dimensional images. Uses flexible editing and processing functions, such as interactive surface rendering and object slicing capabilities. And output to standard TIFF, Quicktime and AVI formats. Imaris accepts virtually all image formats that are used in confocal microscopy and many of those used in wide-field image acquisition.
View all literature mentionsOpen source application to allow the presentation of stimuli and collection of data for a wide range of neuroscience, psychology and psychophysics experiments. It is intended as a free, powerful alternative to Presentation or e-Prime.
View all literature mentionsDatabase of known and predicted protein interactions. The interactions include direct (physical) and indirect (functional) associations and are derived from four sources: Genomic Context, High-throughput experiments, (Conserved) Coexpression, and previous knowledge. STRING quantitatively integrates interaction data from these sources for a large number of organisms, and transfers information between these organisms where applicable. The database currently covers 5''214''234 proteins from 1133 organisms. (2013)
View all literature mentionsMulti paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth generation programming language developed by MathWorks. Allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, Fortran and Python. Used to explore and visualize ideas and collaborate across disciplines including signal and image processing, communications, control systems, and computational finance.
View all literature mentionsA user-sponsored molecular visualization software system on an open-source foundation. The software has the capabilities to view, render, animate, export, present and develop three dimensional molecular structures.
View all literature mentionsWeb tool as artificial neural network method that predicts phosphorylation sites in independent sequences. Web application based on determination of activity of protein kinases using in vitro assays with either naturally occurring peptides or synthetic peptides. NetPhos 3.1 server predicts serine, threonine or tyrosine phosphorylation sites in eukaryotic proteins using ensembles of neural networks. Both generic and kinase specific predictions are performed. Generic predictions are identical to predictions performed by NetPhos 2.0. Kinase specific predictions are identical to predictions by NetPhosK 1.0. NetPhos 3.1 is available as stand-alone software package.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool as plugin for ImageJ. Counts the number of 3D objects in stack, quantifies for each found object, generates results representations.
View all literature mentionsSoftware environment and programming language for statistical computing and graphics. R is integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation, calculation and graphical display. Can be extended via packages. Some packages are supplied with the R distribution and more are available through CRAN family.It compiles and runs on wide variety of UNIX platforms, Windows and MacOS.
View all literature mentionsStatistical analysis software that combines scientific graphing, comprehensive curve fitting (nonlinear regression), understandable statistics, and data organization. Designed for biological research applications in pharmacology, physiology, and other biological fields for data analysis, hypothesis testing, and modeling.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
View all literature mentionsTools for performing statistical computation including: Clinical Research Calculators Probabilities Distributions Frequency Data Proportions Ordinal Data Correlation & Regression t-Tests & Procedures ANOVA ANCOVA
View all literature mentionsWeb application for combined transmembrane topology and signal peptide prediction. Used for whole genome annotation of signal peptides and transmembrane regions. Predictor is based on hidden Markov model (HMM) that models different sequence regions of signal peptide and different regions of transmembrane protein in series of interconnected states.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for identification and annotation of genetically mobile domains and analysis of domain architectures.
View all literature mentionsThese catalog numbers represent the same frogs: AXL-FM, AXL-M, AXL-PB, ATAD, ATAD-1, ATAD-2, ATAD-3, HCG -A- XL, M A XL, OP A XL, SM A XL, Y A XL, YAXL
View all literature mentionsMolecular biology software for DNA cloning and analysis and construct preparation. Serial Cloner provides tools for analyzing and manipulating sequences and assists in setting up new sub-cloning projects and in preparing electronic versions of these constructs. The software reads and writes DNA Strider-compatible files and imports and exports files in the universal FASTA format.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for image capture, processing and analysis with Leica fluorescence and confocal microscopes.
View all literature mentionsImage processing software used to modify and clarify sample images for FluoView FV1000 range of confocal laser scanning microscopes and Fluoview FV1000MPE multiphoton excitation systems. The software incorporates high-dynamic-range imaging, minimized signal-to-noise ratios, partial stitching with multiarea time-lapse imaging, and channel unmixing. The software also allows users to select specific areas of the whole sample, which can stitched together.
View all literature mentionsSoftware used for 3D printing, can integrate with CAD software and has variety of custom settings.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package to arrange multiple heatmaps and support various annotation graphics. Used to visualize associations between different sources of data sets and to reveal potential patterns.
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