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Ascidians with very similar embryos but highly divergent genomes are thought to have undergone extensive developmental system drift. We compared, in four species (Ciona and Phallusia for Phlebobranchia, Molgula and Halocynthia for Stolidobranchia), gene expression and gene regulation for a network of six transcription factors regulating peripheral nervous system (PNS) formation in Ciona. All genes, but one in Molgula, were expressed in the PNS with some differences correlating with phylogenetic distance. Cross-species transgenesis indicated strong levels of conservation, except in Molgula, in gene regulation despite lack of sequence conservation of the enhancers. Developmental system drift in ascidians is thus higher for gene regulation than for gene expression and is impacted not only by phylogenetic distance, but also in a clade-specific manner and unevenly within a network. Finally, considering that Molgula is divergent in our analyses, this suggests deep conservation of developmental mechanisms in ascidians after 390 My of separate evolution.
Pubmed ID: 33191918
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Database of ascidian embryonic development at the level of the genome (cis-regulatory sequences, gene expression, protein annotation), of the cell (morphology, fate, induction, lineage) or of the whole embryo (anatomy, morphogenesis). Currently, four organism models are described in Aniseed: Ciona intestinalis, Ciona savignyi, Halocynthia roretzi and Phallusia mammillata.
This version supports four sets of Ciona intestinalis transcript models: JGI v1.0, KyotoGrail 2005, KH and ENSEMBL, all functionally annotated, and grouped into Aniseedv3.0 gene models. Users can explore their expression profiles during normal or manipulated development, access validated cis-regulatory regions, get the molecular tools used to assay gene function, or all articles related to the function, or regulation of a given gene. Known transcriptional regulators and targets are listed for each gene, as are the gene regulatory networks acting in individual anatomical territories.
ANISEED is a community tool, and the direct involvement of external contributors is important to optimize the quality of the submitted data. Virtual embryo: The 3D Virtual embryo is available to download in the download section of the website.
