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Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Normalisation of Gene Expression in Glehnia littoralis.

Li Li | Naiwei Li | Hailing Fang | Xiwu Qi | Yifeng Zhou
Scientific reports | 2020

Glehnia littoralis is an important medicinal halophyte-the dried root of which is used as Chinese herbal medicine. However, the use, selection and stability of reference genes are rarely verified in studies of G. littoralis, which hampers investigation of its salt tolerance and metabolism. In this study, we selected 13 candidate reference genes from the transcriptome data of G. littoralis-serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP2A (PP2A), polyubiquitin 10 (UBQ10), actin (ACT), elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), α-tubulin (α-TUB), β-tubulin (β-TUB), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1), expressed protein 1 (EXP1), expressed protein 2 (EXP2), TIP41-like (TIP41), SAND family (SAND), and cyclophilin 2 (CYP2), and used qRT-PCR to analyse their expression levels in roots of G. littoralis treated with NaCl, polyethylene glycol (PEG), abscisic acid (ABA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), as well as in various organs of G. littoralis. The ΔCt, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper algorithms were used to assess the expression stability of the candidate reference genes and the results were then used to generate a comprehensive rank list with the RankAggreg R package. The most stable reference genes for normalisation were EXP1 and PP2A in response to NaCl, EXP2 and PP2A in response to ABA, CYP2 and α-TUB in response to MeJA, and ACT and EXP1 in the PEG and the organ subsets. GAPDH, β-TUB, and UBQ10 exhibited low stability and so were unsuitable for normalisation. This study is the first systematic analysis of candidate reference genes in G. littoralis and will facilitate further investigation of normalisation of gene expression in G. littoralis.

Pubmed ID: 32355237

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This is a list of tools and resources that we have found mentioned in this publication.


RankAggreg (tool)

RRID:SCR_002225

Software package that performs aggregation of ordered lists based on the ranks using several different algorithms: Borda count, Cross-Entropy Monte Carlo algorithm, Genetic algorithm, and a brute force algorithm.

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Primer3 (tool)

RRID:SCR_003139

Tool used to design PCR primers from DNA sequence - often in high-throughput genomics applications. It does everything from mispriming libraries to sequence quality data to the generation of internal oligos.

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BestKeeper (tool)

RRID:SCR_003380

Excel-based tool using pair-wise correlations for determination of stable housekeeping genes, differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity. It determines the best suited standards, out of ten candidates, and combines them into an index. The index can be compared with further ten target genes to decide, whether they are differentially expressed under an applied treatment. All data processing is based on crossing points.

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NormFinder (tool)

RRID:SCR_003387

Software for identifying the optimal normalization gene among a set of candidates. It ranks the set of candidate normalization genes according to their expression stability in a given sample set and given experimental design. It can analyze expression data obtained through any quantitative method e.g. real time RT-PCR and microarray based expression analysis. NormFinder.xla adds the NormFinder functionality directly to Excel. A version for R is also available.

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geNORM (tool)

RRID:SCR_006763

Software to determine most stable reference (housekeeping) genes from set of tested candidate reference genes in given sample panel. From this, gene expression normalization factor can be calculated for each sample based geometric mean of user-defined number of reference genes.

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