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The ability to computationally predict whether a compound treats a disease would improve the economy and success rate of drug approval. This study describes Project Rephetio to systematically model drug efficacy based on 755 existing treatments. First, we constructed Hetionet (neo4j.het.io), an integrative network encoding knowledge from millions of biomedical studies. Hetionet v1.0 consists of 47,031 nodes of 11 types and 2,250,197 relationships of 24 types. Data were integrated from 29 public resources to connect compounds, diseases, genes, anatomies, pathways, biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components, pharmacologic classes, side effects, and symptoms. Next, we identified network patterns that distinguish treatments from non-treatments. Then, we predicted the probability of treatment for 209,168 compound-disease pairs (het.io/repurpose). Our predictions validated on two external sets of treatment and provided pharmacological insights on epilepsy, suggesting they will help prioritize drug repurposing candidates. This study was entirely open and received realtime feedback from 40 community members.
Pubmed ID: 28936969
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Open and collaborative platform dedicated to curation of biological pathways. Each pathway has dedicated wiki page, displaying current diagram, description, references, download options, version history, and component gene and protein lists. Database of biological pathways maintained by and for scientific community.
View all literature mentionsBioinformatics and cheminformatics database that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on February 1st, 2022. Software application for genetic analysis of classical biometric traits like blood pressure or height that are caused by a combination of polygenic inheritance and complex environmental forces. (entry from Genetic Analysis Software)
View all literature mentionsWeb accessible database of data extracted from scientific literature, focusing on proteins that are drug-targets or candidate drug-targets and for which structural data are present in Protein Data Bank . Website supports query types including searches by chemical structure, substructure and similarity, protein sequence, ligand and protein names, affinity ranges and molecular weight . Data sets generated by BindingDB queries can be downloaded in form of annotated SDfiles for further analysis, or used as basis for virtual screening of compound database uploaded by user. Data are linked to structural data in PDB via PDB IDs and chemical and sequence searches, and to literature in PubMed via PubMed IDs .
View all literature mentionsComprehensive hierarchical controlled vocabulary for human disease representation.Open source ontology for integration of biomedical data associated with human disease. Disease Ontology database represents comprehensive knowledge base of inherited, developmental and acquired human diseases.
View all literature mentionsDatabase to retrieve and compare gene expression patterns between animal species. Bgee first maps heterogeneous expression data (currently RNA-Seq, Affymetrix, in situ hybridization, and EST data) to anatomy and development of different species.
View all literature mentionsA premier bibliographic database that contains over 18 million references to journal articles in life sciences with a concentration on biomedicine. A distinctive feature is that the records are indexed with NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). PubMed provides free access to MEDLINE and links to full text articles when possible. The great majority of journals are selected for MEDLINE based on the recommendation of the Literature Selection Technical Review Committee (LSTRC), an NIH-chartered advisory committee of external experts analogous to the committees that review NIH grant applications. Some additional journals and newsletters are selected based on NLM-initiated reviews, e.g., history of medicine, health services research, AIDS, toxicology and environmental health, molecular biology, and complementary medicine, that are special priorities for NLM or other NIH components. These reviews generally also involve consultation with an array of NIH and outside experts or, in some cases, external organizations with which NLM has special collaborative arrangements. MEDLINE is the primary component of PubMed, part of the Entrez series of databases provided by the NLM National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). MEDLINE may also be searched via the NLM Gateway. Time coverage: generally 1946 to the present, with some older material. Source: Currently, citations from approximately 5,516 worldwide journals in 39 languages; 60 languages for older journals. Citations for MEDLINE are created by the NLM, international partners, and collaborating organizations.
View all literature mentionsDatabase for genomes that have been completely sequenced, have active research community to contribute gene-specific information, or that are scheduled for intense sequence analysis. Includes nomenclature, map location, gene products and their attributes, markers, phenotypes, and links to citations, sequences, variation details, maps, expression, homologs, protein domains and external databases. All entries follow NCBI's format for data collections. Content of Entrez Gene represents result of curation and automated integration of data from NCBI's Reference Sequence project (RefSeq), from collaborating model organism databases, and from many other databases available from NCBI. Records are assigned unique, stable and tracked integers as identifiers. Content is updated as new information becomes available.
View all literature mentionsComputable knowledge regarding functions of genes and gene products. GO resources include biomedical ontologies that cover molecular domains of all life forms as well as extensive compilations of gene product annotations to these ontologies that provide largely species-neutral, comprehensive statements about what gene products do. Used to standardize representation of gene and gene product attributes across species and databases.
View all literature mentionsCollection of pathways and pathway annotations. The core unit of the Reactome data model is the reaction. Entities (nucleic acids, proteins, complexes and small molecules) participating in reactions form a network of biological interactions and are grouped into pathways (signaling, innate and acquired immune function, transcriptional regulation, translation, apoptosis and classical intermediary metabolism) . Provides website to navigate pathway knowledge and a suite of data analysis tools to support the pathway-based analysis of complex experimental and computational data sets.
View all literature mentionsDatabase containing information on marketed medicines and their recorded adverse drug reactions. The information is extracted from public documents and package inserts. The available information include side effect frequency, drug and side effect classifications as well as links to further information, for example drug-target relations. The SIDER Side Effect Resource represents an effort to aggregate dispersed public information on side effects. To our knowledge, no such resource exist in machine-readable form despite the importance of research on drugs and their effects. The creation of this resource was motivated by the many requests for data that we received related to our paper (Campillos, Kuhn et al., Science, 2008, 321(5886):263-6.) on the utilization of side effects for drug target prediction. Inclusion of side effects as readouts for drug treatment should have many applications and we hope to be able to enhance the respective research with this resource. You may browse the drugs by name, browse the side effects by name, download the current version of SIDER, or use the search interface.
View all literature mentionsA controlled vocabulary thesaurus that consists of sets of terms naming descriptors in a hierarchical structure that permits searching at various levels of specificity. MeSH, in machine-readable form, is provided at no charge via electronic means. MeSH descriptors are arranged in both an alphabetic and a hierarchical structure. At the most general level of the hierarchical structure are very broad headings such as Anatomy or Mental Disorders. More specific headings are found at more narrow levels of the twelve-level hierarchy, such as Ankle and Conduct Disorder. There are 27,149 descriptors in 2014 MeSH. There are also over 218,000 entry terms that assist in finding the most appropriate MeSH Heading, for example, Vitamin C is an entry term to Ascorbic Acid. In addition to these headings, there are more than 219,000 headings called Supplementary Concept Records (formerly Supplementary Chemical Records) within a separate thesaurus. The MeSH thesaurus is used by NLM for indexing articles from 5,400 of the world''''s leading biomedical journals for the MEDLINE/PubMED database. It is also used for the NLM-produced database that includes cataloging of books, documents, and audiovisuals acquired by the Library. Each bibliographic reference is associated with a set of MeSH terms that describe the content of the item. Similarly, search queries use MeSH vocabulary to find items on a desired topic.
View all literature mentionsDatabase and discovery platform containing publicly available collections of genes and variants associated to human diseases. Integrates data from curated repositories, GWAS catalogues, animal models and scientific literature.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on July 27, 2016. Curated database of information about known biomolecular interactions and key cellular processes assembled into signaling pathways. All interactions are assembled into pathways, and can be accessed by performing searches for biomolecules, or processes, or by viewing predefined pathways. This was a collaborative project between the NCI and Nature Publishing Group (NPG) from 2006 until September 22nd, 2012, and is no longer being updated. PID is aimed at the cancer research community and others interested in cellular pathways, such as neuroscientists, developmental biologists, and immunologists. The database focuses on the biomolecular interactions that are known or believed to take place in human cells. It can be browsed as an online encyclopedia, used to run computational analyses, or employed in ways that combine these two approaches. In addition to PID''''s predefined pathways, search results are displayed as dynamically constructed interaction networks. These features of PID render it a useful tool for both biologists and bioinformaticians. PID offers a range of search features to facilitate pathway exploration. Users can browse the predefined set of pathways or create interaction network maps centered on a single molecule or cellular process of interest. In addition, the batch query tool allows users to upload long list(s) of molecules, such as those derived from microarray experiments, and either overlay these molecules onto predefined pathways or visualize the complete molecular connectivity map. Users can also download molecule lists, citation lists and complete database content in extensible markup language (XML) and Biological Pathways Exchange (BioPAX) Level 2 format. The database is supplemented by a concise editorial section that includes specially written synopses of recent important research articles in areas related to cancer research, and specially commissioned Bioinformatics Primers that provide practical advice on how to make the most of other relevant online resources. The database and editorial content are updated monthly, and users can opt to receive a monthly email alert to stay informed about new content. Note: as of September 23, 2012 the PID is no longer being actively curated. NCI will maintain the PID website and data for twelve months beyond September 2012 to allow interested parties to obtain the previously curated data before the site is retired in September 2013.
View all literature mentionsAn integrated cross-species anatomy ontology representing a variety of entities classified according to traditional anatomical criteria such as structure, function and developmental lineage. The ontology includes comprehensive relationships to taxon-specific anatomical ontologies, allowing integration of functional, phenotype and expression data. Uberon consists of over 10000 classes (March 2014) representing structures that are shared across a variety of metazoans. The majority of these classes are chordate specific, and there is large bias towards model organisms and human.
View all literature mentionsCatalog of published genome-wide association studies. Genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with trait and disease. Database of genome-wide association study (GWAS) publications including only those attempting to assay single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Publications are organized from most to least recent date of publication. Studies are identified through weekly PubMed literature searches, daily NIH-distributed compilations of news and media reports, and occasional comparisons with an existing database of GWAS literature (HuGE Navigator). Works with HANCESTRO ancestry representation.
View all literature mentionsDatabase of drug information created and maintained by the Division of Translational Informatics at University of New Mexico. It provides information on active ingredients chemical entities, pharmaceutical products, drug mode of action, indications, and pharmacologic action.
View all literature mentionsDatabase that integrates evidence on disease-gene associations from automatic text mining, manually curated literature, cancer mutation data, and genome-wide association studies. It also assigns confidence scores that facilitate comparison of the different types and sources of evidence.
View all literature mentionsDatabase that integrates evidence on tissue expression from manually curated literature, proteomics and transcriptomics screens, and automatic text mining. It maps all evidence to common protein identifiers and Brenda Tissue Ontology terms, and further unifies it by assigning confidence scores that facilitate comparison of the different types and sources of evidence.
View all literature mentionsProject portal for a collaborative database aiming to provide a comprehensive annotation to human genome.It uses the computable, controlled vocabulary of Disease Ontology (DO) and NCBI Gene Reference Into Function (GeneRIF).
View all literature mentionsDatabase of annotations of drug indications in FDA drug labels. LabeledIn contains an expert curated set of indications and a crowdsourced set of indications.
View all literature mentionsMedication indication software for primary and secondary uses of electronic medical record (EMR) data. MEDI was created based on multiple commonly used medication resources (RxNorm, MedlinePlus, SIDER 2, and Wikipedia ) and by leveraging both ontology and natural language processing (NLP) techniques.
View all literature mentionsWeb-based statistical application that measures correlated rates across a phylogeny, allowing for extraction of genes with similar evolutionary histories. It can identify new functional connections between genes.
View all literature mentionsProject portal for the Human Reference Protein Interactome Project, which aims generate a first reference map of the human protein-protein interactome network by identifying binary protein-protein interactions (PPIs). It achieves this by systematically interrogating all pairwise combinations of predicted human protein-coding genes using proteome-scale technologies.
View all literature mentionsA web-based hosting service for software development projects that use the Git revision control system offering powerful collaboration, code review, and code management. It offers both paid plans for private repositories, and free accounts for open source projects. Large or small, every repository comes with the same powerful tools. These tools are open to the community for public projects and secure for private projects. Features include: * Integrated issue tracking * Collaborative code review * Easily manage teams within organizations * Text entry with understated power * A growing list of programming languages and data formats * On the desktop and in your pocket - Android app and mobile web views let you keep track of your projects on the go.
View all literature mentionsRepository for all research outputs from across all fields of science in any file format as well as both positive and negative results. They assign all publicly available uploads a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to make the upload easily and uniquely citeable. They further support harvesting of all content via the OAI-PMH protocol. They promote peer-reviewed openly accessible research, and curate uploads. ZENODO allows users to create their own collection and accept or reject all uploads to it. They allow for uploading under a multitude of different licenses and access levels.
View all literature mentionsWikipedia is a free, web-based, collaborative, multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its 19 million articles (over 3.6 million in English) have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world, and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site. As of July 2011, there were editions of Wikipedia in 282 languages. Wikipedia was launched in 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger and has become the largest and most popular general reference work on the Internet, ranking around seventh among all websites on Alexa and having 365 million readers. The name Wikipedia was coined by Larry Sanger and is a combination of wiki (a technology for creating collaborative websites, from the Hawaiian word wiki, meaning quick) and encyclopedia. Wikipedia''s departure from the expert-driven style of encyclopedia building and the large presence of unacademic content has been noted several times. Some have noted the importance of Wikipedia not only as an encyclopedic reference but also as a frequently updated news resource because of how quickly articles about recent events appear. Although the policies of Wikipedia strongly espouse verifiability and a neutral point of view, critics of Wikipedia accuse it of systemic bias and inconsistencies (including undue weight given to popular culture), and allege that it favors consensus over credentials in its editorial processes. Its reliability and accuracy are also targeted. A 2005 investigation in Nature showed that the science articles they compared came close to the level of accuracy of Encyclopedia Britannica and had a similar rate of serious errors.
View all literature mentionsDatabase of authoritative health information about diseases, conditions, and wellness issues that offers reliable, up-to-date health information for free. It contains the latest treatments, information on drugs and supplements, the meanings of words, and medical videos and illustrations. Links to the latest topic or disease specific medical research or clinical trials are also offered. * MedlinePlus pages contain carefully selected links to Web resources with health information on over 900 topics. ** The MedlinePlus health topic pages include links to current news on the topic and related information. You can also find preformulated searches of the MEDLINE/PubMed database, which allow you to find references to latest health professional articles on your topic. * The A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia brings health consumers an extensive library of medical images and videos, as well as over 4,000 articles about diseases, tests, symptoms, injuries, and surgeries. * The Merriam-Webster medical dictionary allows you to look up definitions and spellings of medical words. * Drug and supplement information is available from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) via AHFS Consumer Medication Information, and Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. ** AHFS Consumer Medication Information provides extensive information about more than 1,000 brand name and generic prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including side effects, precautions and storage for each drug. ** Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version is an evidence-based collection of information on alternative treatments. MedlinePlus has 100 monographs on herbs and supplements. * Interactive tutorials from the Patient Education Institute explain over 165 procedures and conditions in easy-to-read language. An XML File for the MedlinePlus Health Topics is available, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/xmldescription.html. The ontology is available through Bioportal, http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/MEDLINEPLUS
View all literature mentionsOntology that provides a normalized naming system for generic and branded drugs and a tool for supporting semantic interoperation between drug terminologies and pharmacy knowledge base systems. It contains the names of prescription and many over-the-counter drugs available in the United States and links its names to many of the drug vocabularies commonly used in pharmacy management and drug interaction software. It can mediate messages between systems not using the same software and vocabulary. * RxNorm Download Files - contain data consistent with the 2013AB UMLS Metathesaurus Release Files. * RxNorm API - web service for accessing the current RxNorm data set. * RxNorm Browser (RxNav) - a browser for several drug information sources, including RxNorm, RxTerms and National Drug File - Reference Terminology (NDF-RT) . * Current Prescribable Content - subset of currently prescribable drugs found in RxNorm. * RxTerms Drug Interface Terminology - a drug interface terminology derived from RxNorm for prescription writing or medication history recording
View all literature mentionsDatabase of publicly available pathways from multiple organisms and multiple sources represented in a common language. Pathways include biochemical reactions, complex assembly, transport and catalysis events, and physical interactions involving proteins, DNA, RNA, small molecules and complexes. Pathways were downloaded directly from source databases. Each source pathway database has been created differently, some by manual extraction of pathway information from the literature and some by computational prediction. Pathway Commons provides a filtering mechanism to allow the user to view only chosen subsets of information, such as only the manually curated subset. The quality of Pathway Commons pathways is dependent on the quality of the pathways from source databases. Pathway Commons aims to collect and integrate all public pathway data available in standard formats. It currently contains data from nine databases with over 1,668 pathways, 442,182 interactions,414 organisms and will be continually expanded and updated. (April 2013)
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