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Trial-and-error learning requires evaluating variable actions and reinforcing successful variants. In songbirds, vocal exploration is induced by LMAN, the output of a basal ganglia-related circuit that also contributes a corrective bias to the vocal output. This bias is gradually consolidated in RA, a motor cortex analogue downstream of LMAN. We develop a new model of such two-stage learning. Using stochastic gradient descent, we derive how the activity in 'tutor' circuits (e.g., LMAN) should match plasticity mechanisms in 'student' circuits (e.g., RA) to achieve efficient learning. We further describe a reinforcement learning framework through which the tutor can build its teaching signal. We show that mismatches between the tutor signal and the plasticity mechanism can impair learning. Applied to birdsong, our results predict the temporal structure of the corrective bias from LMAN given a plasticity rule in RA. Our framework can be applied predictively to other paired brain areas showing two-stage learning.
Pubmed ID: 28374674
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Programming language for all operating systems that lets users work more quickly and integrate their systems more effectively. Often compared to Tcl, Perl, Ruby, Scheme or Java. Some of its key distinguishing features include very clear and readable syntax, strong introspection capabilities, intuitive object orientation, natural expression of procedural code, full modularity, exception-based error handling, high level dynamic data types, extensive standard libraries and third party modules for virtually every task, extensions and modules easily written in C, C (or Java for Python, or .NET languages for IronPython), and embeddable within applications as a scripting interface.
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View all literature mentionsProgramming language for all operating systems that lets users work more quickly and integrate their systems more effectively. Often compared to Tcl, Perl, Ruby, Scheme or Java. Some of its key distinguishing features include very clear and readable syntax, strong introspection capabilities, intuitive object orientation, natural expression of procedural code, full modularity, exception-based error handling, high level dynamic data types, extensive standard libraries and third party modules for virtually every task, extensions and modules easily written in C, C (or Java for Python, or .NET languages for IronPython), and embeddable within applications as a scripting interface.
View all literature mentionsProgramming language for all operating systems that lets users work more quickly and integrate their systems more effectively. Often compared to Tcl, Perl, Ruby, Scheme or Java. Some of its key distinguishing features include very clear and readable syntax, strong introspection capabilities, intuitive object orientation, natural expression of procedural code, full modularity, exception-based error handling, high level dynamic data types, extensive standard libraries and third party modules for virtually every task, extensions and modules easily written in C, C (or Java for Python, or .NET languages for IronPython), and embeddable within applications as a scripting interface.
View all literature mentionsA web-based hosting service for software development projects that use the Git revision control system offering powerful collaboration, code review, and code management. It offers both paid plans for private repositories, and free accounts for open source projects. Large or small, every repository comes with the same powerful tools. These tools are open to the community for public projects and secure for private projects. Features include: * Integrated issue tracking * Collaborative code review * Easily manage teams within organizations * Text entry with understated power * A growing list of programming languages and data formats * On the desktop and in your pocket - Android app and mobile web views let you keep track of your projects on the go.
View all literature mentions