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The sequential activation of neurons has been observed in various areas of the brain, but in no case is the underlying network structure well understood. Here we examined the circuit anatomy of zebra finch HVC, a cortical region that generates sequences underlying the temporal progression of the song. We combined serial block-face electron microscopy with light microscopy to determine the cell types targeted by HVC(RA) neurons, which control song timing. Close to their soma, axons almost exclusively targeted inhibitory interneurons, consistent with what had been found with electrical recordings from pairs of cells. Conversely, far from the soma the targets were mostly other excitatory neurons, about half of these being other HVC(RA) cells. Both observations are consistent with the notion that the neural sequences that pace the song are generated by global synaptic chains in HVC embedded within local inhibitory networks.
Pubmed ID: 28346140
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Neurolucida is advanced scientific software for brain mapping, neuron reconstruction, anatomical mapping, and morphometry. Since its debut more than 20 years ago, Neurolucida has continued to evolve and has become the worldwide gold-standard for neuron reconstruction and 3D mapping. Neurolucida has the flexibility to handle data in many formats: using live images from digital or video cameras; stored image sets from confocal microscopes, electron microscopes, and scanning tomographic sources, or through the microscope oculars using the patented LucividTM. Neurolucida controls a motorized XYZ stage for integrated navigation through tissue sections, allowing for sophisticated analysis from many fields-of-view. Neurolucidas Serial Section Manager integrates unlimited sections into a single data file, maintaining each section in aligned 3D space for full quantitative analysis. Neurolucidas neuron tracing capabilities include 3D measurement and reconstruction of branching processes. Neurolucida also features sophisticated tools for mapping delineate and map anatomical regions for detailed morphometric analyses. Neurolucida uses advanced computer-controlled microscopy techniques to obtain accurate results and speed your work. Plug-in modules are available for confocal and MRI analysis, 3D solid modeling, and virtual slide creation. The user-friendly interface gives you rapid results, allowing you to acquire data and capture the full 3D extent of neurons and brain regions. You can reconstruct neurons or create 3D serial reconstructions directly from slides or acquired images, and Neurolucida offers full microscope control for brightfield, fluorescent, and confocal microscopes. Its added compatibility with 64-bit Microsoft Vista enables reconstructions with even larger images, image stacks, and virtual slides. Adding the Solid Modeling Module allows you to rotate and view your reconstructions in real time. Neurolucida is available in two separate versions Standard and Workstation. The Standard version enables control of microscope hardware, whereas the Workstation version is used for offline analysis away from the microscope. Neurolucida provides quantitative analysis with results presented in graphical or spreadsheet format exportable to Microsoft Excel. Overall, features include: - Tracing Neurons - Anatomical Mapping - Image Processing and Analysis Features - Editing - Morphometric Analysis - Hardware Integration - Cell Analysis - Visualization Features Sponsors: Neurolucida is supported by MBF Bioscience.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for visualizing, manipulating, and understanding data from tomography, microscopy, MRI and other imaging processes.Used to import and export options, to processes 3D image filtering and DTI based fiber tracking to visualization, volume and surface rendering, author tools for virtual reality navigation, video generation, and more.
View all literature mentionsA Python-based environment of open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering. The core packages of SciPy include: NumPy, a base N-dimensional array package; SciPy Library, a fundamental library for scientific computing; and IPython, an enhanced interactive console.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for the visualization and annotation of 3D image data and was developed for the rapid reconstruction of neural morphology and connectivity. By dynamically loading only data from the surround of the current view point, seamless navigation is not limited to datasets that fit into the available RAM but works with much larger dataset stored in a special format on disk. Currently, KNOSSOS is limited to 8-bit data. In addition to viewing and navigating, KNOSSOS allows efficient manual neurite annotation (''skeletonization''). KNOSSOS is being used mostly for reconstructing cell morphologies from 3D electron microscopic data generated by Serial Block-Face Electron Microscopy (SBEM), with an occasional application to 2-photon and confocal optical microscopy data.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on January 9, 2023. Connectomes repository to facilitate the analysis of connectome data by providing a unified front for connectomics research. With a focus on Electron Microscopy (EM) data and various forms of Magnetic Resonance (MR) data, the project aims to make state-of-the-art neuroscience open to anybody with computer access, regardless of knowledge, training, background, etc. Open science means open to view, play, analyze, contribute, anything. Access to high resolution neuroanatomical images that can be used to explore connectomes and programmatic access to this data for human and machine annotation are provided, with a long-term goal of reconstructing the neural circuits comprising an entire brain. This project aims to bring the most state-of-the-art scientific data in the world to the hands of anybody with internet access, so collectively, we can begin to unravel connectomes. Services: * Data Hosting - Their Bruster (brain-cluster) is large enough to store nearly any modern connectome data set. Contact them to make your data available to others for any purpose, including gaining access to state-of-the-art analysis and machine vision pipelines. * Web Viewing - Collaborative Annotation Toolkit for Massive Amounts of Image Data (CATMAID) is designed to navigate, share and collaboratively annotate massive image data sets of biological specimens. The interface is inspired by Google Maps, enhanced to allow the exploration of 3D image data. View the fork of the code or go directly to view the data. * Volume Cutout Service - RESTful API that enables you to select any arbitrary volume of the 3d database (3ddb), and receive a link to download an HDF5 file (for matlab, C, C++, or C#) or a NumPy pickle (for python). Use some other programming language? Just let them know. * Annotation Database - Spatially co-registered volumetric annotations are compactly stored for efficient queries such as: find all synapses, or which neurons synapse onto this one. Create your own annotations or browse others. *Sample Downloads - In addition to being able to select arbitrary downloads from the datasets, they have also collected a few choice volumes of interest. * Volume Viewer - A web and GPU enabled stand-alone app for viewing volumes at arbitrary cutting planes and zoom levels. The code and program can be downloaded. * Machine Vision Pipeline - They are building a machine vision pipeline that pulls volumes from the 3ddb and outputs neural circuits. - a work in progress. As soon as we have a stable version, it will be released. * Mr. Cap - The Magnetic Resonance Connectome Automated Pipeline (Mr. Cap) is built on JIST/MIPAV for high-throughput estimation of connectomes from diffusion and structural imaging data. * Graph Invariant Computation - Upload your graphs or streamlines, and download some invariants. * iPad App - WholeSlide is an iPad app that accesses utilizes our open data and API to serve images on the go.
View all literature mentionsA toolset for the morphometric analysis and visualization of 3D models derived from electron microscopy image stacks. It is designed to import, analyze, and visualize mesh models. It has been designed specifically for the morphological analysis of 3D objects derived from serial electron microscopy images of brain tissue, although much of its functionality can be applied to any 3D mesh. These models can be generated by software that allows the images to be segmented so that 3D objects can be built. These objects can be generated by any 3D image segmentation software, such as ilastik or Fiji. The NeuroMorph toolset has been developed as a set of add-ons for Blender, a widely used free and open source 3D modeling software package.
View all literature mentionsOpen source software application for laser scanning microscopy, electrophysiology, laser scanning photostimulation, and other physiological methods focused on neurobiology. Used to control laser scanning microscopes without need for custom data acquisition hardware. Standard data acquisition boards are used to acquire data and control laser scanning. The tasks of signal integration and image processing are placed on the computer CPU. Multiple versions of ScanImage are available, each with their own features.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for visualizing, manipulating, and understanding data from tomography, microscopy, MRI and other imaging processes.Used to import and export options, to processes 3D image filtering and DTI based fiber tracking to visualization, volume and surface rendering, author tools for virtual reality navigation, video generation, and more.
View all literature mentions