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Filamentous fungi provide excellent systems for investigating the role of the AP-2 complex in polar growth. Using Aspergillus nidulans, we show that AP-2 has a clathrin-independent essential role in polarity maintenance and growth. This is in line with a sequence analysis showing that the AP-2 β subunit (β2) of higher fungi lacks a clathrin-binding domain, and experiments showing that AP-2 does not co-localize with clathrin. We provide genetic and cellular evidence that AP-2 interacts with endocytic markers SlaBEnd4 and SagAEnd3 and the lipid flippases DnfA and DnfB in the sub-apical collar region of hyphae. The role of AP-2 in the maintenance of proper apical membrane lipid and cell wall composition is further supported by its functional interaction with BasA (sphingolipid biosynthesis) and StoA (apical sterol-rich membrane domains), and its essentiality in polar deposition of chitin. Our findings support that the AP-2 complex of dikarya has acquired, in the course of evolution, a specialized clathrin-independent function necessary for fungal polar growth.
Pubmed ID: 28220754
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Database of genetic and molecular biological information about the filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus including information about genes and proteins of Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus; descriptions and classifications of their biological roles, molecular functions, and subcellular localizations; gene, protein, and chromosome sequence information; tools for analysis and comparison of sequences; and links to literature information; as well as a multispecies comparative genomics browser tool (Sybil) for exploration of orthology and synteny across multiple sequenced Sgenus species. Also available are Gene Ontology (GO) and community resources. Based on the Candida Genome Database, the Aspergillus Genome Database is a resource for genomic sequence data and gene and protein information for Aspergilli. Among its many species, the genus contains an excellent model organism (A. nidulans, or its teleomorph Emericella nidulans), an important pathogen of the immunocompromised (A. fumigatus), an agriculturally important toxin producer (A. flavus), and two species used in industrial processes (A. niger and A. oryzae). Search options allow you to: *Search AspGD database using keywords. *Find chromosomal features that match specific properties or annotations. *Find AspGD web pages using keywords located on the page. *Find information on one gene from many databases. *Search for keywords related to a phenotype (e.g., conidiation), an allele (such as veA1), or an experimental condition (e.g., light). Analysis and Tools allow you to: *Find similarities between a sequence of interest and Aspergillus DNA or protein sequences. *Display and analyze an Aspergillus sequence (or other sequence) in many ways. *Navigate the chromosomes set. View nucleotide and protein sequence. *Find short DNA/protein sequence matches in Aspergillus. *Design sequencing and PCR primers for Aspergillus or other input sequences. *Display the restriction map for a Aspergillus or other input sequence. *Find similarities between a sequence of interest and fungal nucleotide or protein sequences. AspGD welcomes data submissions.
View all literature mentionsA graphical viewer of phylogenetic trees and a program for producing publication-ready figures. It is designed to display summarized and annotated trees produced by BEAST.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for image processing, analysis, and editing. The software includes features such as touch capabilities, a customizable toolbar, 2D and 3D image merging, and Cloud access and options.
View all literature mentionsThe Fungal Genetics Stock Center is a resource available to the Fungal Genetics research community and to educational and research organizations in general. While some fungi can cause disease in humans, most people have innate immunity against fungi. Some people with diseases of the immune system are at increased risk of infection by fungi. Drugs have been developed in the last 5 years that help with this. Fungal Genetics is the study of genes and genetic traits in fungi. In the past this has been important in the elucidation of what a gene is, what the genetic material is, how genes relate to enzymes, how enzymes relate to traits and how important traits change or evolve. In the present, Fungal Genetics is important to understanding how fungi are pathogens of plants and animals, how fungi can be used in industry for the production of enzymes, chemicals, food, and drugs. Fungi are also essential to processing bio-mass in the attempt to use ethanol as a fuel source. The FGSC is funded largely by a grant from the National Science Foundation (Award Number 0235887) of the United States of America. Sponsors: Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
View all literature mentionsWeb search tool to find regions of similarity between biological sequences. Program compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates statistical significance. Used for identifying homologous sequences.
View all literature mentionsTool for searching sequence databases for homologs of protein sequences, and for making protein sequence alignments. It implements methods using probabilistic models called profile hidden Markov models (profile HMMs). Compared to BLAST, FASTA, and other sequence alignment and database search tools based on older scoring methodology, HMMER aims to be significantly more accurate and more able to detect remote homologs because of the strength of its underlying mathematical models. In the past, this strength came at significant computational expense, but in the new HMMER3 project, HMMER is now essentially as fast as BLAST.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for image processing, analysis, and editing. The software includes features such as touch capabilities, a customizable toolbar, 2D and 3D image merging, and Cloud access and options.
View all literature mentionsAn open community platform for bioimage informatics providing the software resources to visualize, annotate and quantify bioimaging data. To bridge the gap between developers and users, it combines: a) an open-source image analysis software, offering a powerful and flexible environment for developers such as applied mathematicians to write algorithms fast and efficiently; b) a common set of tools to view and manipulate data, and a set of plugins to perform specific quantification or analysis on images; c) a community-based website centralizing all plugins and resources to facilitate their management and maximize their visibility towards users. Workspaces are virtual groups of plugins dedicated to a specific application or image processing domain. By downloading a workspace, ICY automatically installs all corresponding plugins. The workspaces are enabled, but the editing section is not ready yet. If you want to publish a plugin on this website, its code has to be GPL. Source code is available and provided in each application download.
View all literature mentionsStatistical analysis software that combines scientific graphing, comprehensive curve fitting (nonlinear regression), understandable statistics, and data organization. Designed for biological research applications in pharmacology, physiology, and other biological fields for data analysis, hypothesis testing, and modeling.
View all literature mentionsOpen source Java based image processing software program designed for scientific multidimensional images. ImageJ has been transformed to ImageJ2 application to improve data engine to be sufficient to analyze modern datasets.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for image processing, analysis, and editing. The software includes features such as touch capabilities, a customizable toolbar, 2D and 3D image merging, and Cloud access and options.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as distribution of ImageJ and ImageJ2 together with Java, Java3D and plugins organized into coherent menu structure. Used to assist research in life sciences.
View all literature mentionsThe European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) toolbox area provides a comprehensive range of tools for the field of bioinformatics. These are subdivided into categories in the left menu for convenience. EBI has developed a large number of very useful bioinformatics tools. A few examples include: - Similarity & Homology - the BLAST or FASTA programs can be used to look for sequence similarity and infer homology. - Protein Functional Analysis - InterProScan can be used to search for motifs in your protein sequence. - Proteomic Services NEW - UniProt DAS server allows researchers to show their research results in the context of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot annotation. - Sequence Analysis - ClustalW2 a sequence alignment tool. - Structural Analysis - MSDfold can be used to query your protein structure and compare it to those in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). - Web Services - provide programmatic access to the various databases and retrieval/analysis services EBI provides. - Tools Miscellaneous - Expression Profiler a set of tools for clustering, analysis and visualization of gene expression and other genomic data. Sponsors: This resource is sponsored by EBI.
View all literature mentionsThe Fungal Genetics Stock Center is a resource available to the Fungal Genetics research community and to educational and research organizations in general. While some fungi can cause disease in humans, most people have innate immunity against fungi. Some people with diseases of the immune system are at increased risk of infection by fungi. Drugs have been developed in the last 5 years that help with this. Fungal Genetics is the study of genes and genetic traits in fungi. In the past this has been important in the elucidation of what a gene is, what the genetic material is, how genes relate to enzymes, how enzymes relate to traits and how important traits change or evolve. In the present, Fungal Genetics is important to understanding how fungi are pathogens of plants and animals, how fungi can be used in industry for the production of enzymes, chemicals, food, and drugs. Fungi are also essential to processing bio-mass in the attempt to use ethanol as a fuel source. The FGSC is funded largely by a grant from the National Science Foundation (Award Number 0235887) of the United States of America. Sponsors: Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
View all literature mentionsSoftware integrated tool for conducting automatic and manual sequence alignment, inferring phylogenetic trees, mining web based databases, estimating rates of molecular evolution, and testing evolutionary hypotheses. Used for comparative analysis of DNA and protein sequences to infer molecular evolutionary patterns of genes, genomes, and species over time. MEGA version 4 expands on existing facilities for editing DNA sequence data from autosequencers, mining Web-databases, performing automatic and manual sequence alignment, analyzing sequence alignments to estimate evolutionary distances, inferring phylogenetic trees, and testing evolutionary hypotheses. MEGA version 6 enables inference of timetrees, as it implements RelTime method for estimating divergence times for all branching points in phylogeny.
View all literature mentionsOpen source Java based image processing software program designed for scientific multidimensional images. ImageJ has been transformed to ImageJ2 application to improve data engine to be sufficient to analyze modern datasets.
View all literature mentionsCollection of data of protein sequence and functional information. Resource for protein sequence and annotation data. Consortium for preservation of the UniProt databases: UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB), UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef), and UniProt Archive (UniParc), UniProt Proteomes. Collaboration between European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Protein Information Resource. Swiss-Prot is a curated subset of UniProtKB.
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