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The endosperm is a major organ of the seed that plays vital roles in determining seed weight and quality. However, genome-wide transcriptome patterns throughout maize endosperm development have not been comprehensively investigated to date. Accordingly, we performed a high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the maize endosperm transcriptome at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after pollination (DAP). We found that more than 11,000 protein-coding genes underwent alternative splicing (AS) events during the four developmental stages studied. These genes were mainly involved in intracellular protein transport, signal transmission, cellular carbohydrate metabolism, cellular lipid metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, protein modification, histone modification, cellular amino acid metabolism, and DNA repair. Additionally, 7,633 genes, including 473 transcription factors (TFs), were differentially expressed among the four developmental stages. The differentially expressed TFs were from 50 families, including the bZIP, WRKY, GeBP and ARF families. Further analysis of the stage-specific TFs showed that binding, nucleus and ligand-dependent nuclear receptor activities might be important at 5 DAP, that immune responses, signalling, binding and lumen development are involved at 10 DAP, that protein metabolic processes and the cytoplasm might be important at 15 DAP, and that the responses to various stimuli are different at 20 DAP compared with the other developmental stages. This RNA-seq analysis provides novel, comprehensive insights into the transcriptome dynamics during early endosperm development in maize.
Pubmed ID: 27695101
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Web server that summarizes lists of Gene Ontology terms by removing redundant terms and visualizing the remaining ones in scatterplots, interactive graphs, treemaps, or tag clouds. Platform: Online tool
View all literature mentionsThe Ensembl Genomes project produces genome databases for important species from across the taxonomic range, using the Ensembl software system. Five sites are now available, one of which is Ensembl Plants, which houses plant species. Sponsors: EnsembPlants is a project run by EMBL - EBI to maintain annotation on selected genomes, based on the software developed in the Ensembl project developed jointly by the EBI and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for transcriptome assembly and differential expression analysis for RNA-Seq. Includes script called cuffmerge that can be used to merge together several Cufflinks assemblies. It also handles running Cuffcompare as well as automatically filtering a number of transfrags that are likely to be artifacts. If the researcher has a reference GTF file, the researcher can provide it to the script to more effectively merge novel isoforms and maximize overall assembly quality.
View all literature mentionsQuality control software that perform checks on raw sequence data coming from high throughput sequencing pipelines. This software also provides a modular set of analyses which can give a quick impression of the quality of the data prior to further analysis.
View all literature mentionsSoftware R package for RNA-Seq Differential Expression Analysis.
View all literature mentionsA database of protein families, each represented by multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models (HMMs). Users can analyze protein sequences for Pfam matches, view Pfam family annotation and alignments, see groups of related families, look at the domain organization of a protein sequence, find the domains on a PDB structure, and query Pfam by keywords. There are two components to Pfam: Pfam-A and Pfam-B. Pfam-A entries are high quality, manually curated families that may automatically generate a supplement using the ADDA database. These automatically generated entries are called Pfam-B. Although of lower quality, Pfam-B families can be useful for identifying functionally conserved regions when no Pfam-A entries are found. Pfam also generates higher-level groupings of related families, known as clans (collections of Pfam-A entries which are related by similarity of sequence, structure or profile-HMM).
View all literature mentionsSoftware that predicts alternative splicing patterns and produces splice graphs that capture in a single structure the ways a gene''s exons may be assembled. It enhances gene models using evidence from next-generation sequencing and EST alignments.
View all literature mentionsA web-based tool and database for the gene ontology analysis. Its focus is on agricultural species and is user-friendly. The agriGO is designed to provide deep support to agricultural community in the realm of ontology analysis. Compared to other available GO analysis tools, unique advantages and features of agriGO are: # The agriGO especially focuses on agricultural species. It supports 45 species and 292 datatypes currently. And agriGO is designed as an user-friendly web server. # New tools including PAGE (Parametric Analysis of Gene set Enrichment), BLAST4ID (Transfer IDs by BLAST) and SEACOMPARE (Cross comparison of SEA) were developed. The arrival of these tools provides users with possibilities for data mining and systematic result exploration and will allow better data analysis and interpretation. # The exploratory capability and result visualization are enhanced. Results are provided in different formats: HTML tables, tabulated text files, hierarchical tree graphs, and flash bar graphs. # In agriGO, PAGE and SEACOMPARE can be used to carry out cross-comparisons of results derived from different data sets, which is very important when studying multiple groups of experiments, such as in time-course research. Platform: Online tool
View all literature mentionsSoftware Java pipeline for trimming tasks for Illumina paired end and single ended data. Flexible Trimmer for Illumina Sequence Data. Pair aware preprocessing tool optimized for Illumina next generation sequencing data. Includes several processing steps for read trimming and filtering. Operating systems Unix/Linux, Mac OS, Windows.
View all literature mentionsThe main purpose of Cufflinks.cuffmerge is to merge together several Cufflinks assemblies, making it easier to produce an assembly GTF file suitable for use with Cufflinks.cuffdiff. Cufflinks.cuffmerge also runs Cuffcompare in the background and automatically filters out transcribed fragments (transfrags) that are likely to be artifacts. Trapnell C, Hendrickson D,Sauvageau S, Goff L, Rinn JL, Pachter L. Differential analysis of gene regulation at transcript resolution with RNA-seq. Nature Biotechnology. 2013;31:46-53.
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