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The circadian transcriptional repressors cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) and 2 (Cry2) evolved from photolyases, bacterial light-activated DNA repair enzymes. In this study, we report that while they have lost DNA repair activity, Cry1/2 adapted to protect genomic integrity by responding to DNA damage through posttranslational modification and coordinating the downstream transcriptional response. We demonstrate that genotoxic stress stimulates Cry1 phosphorylation and its deubiquitination by Herpes virus associated ubiquitin-specific protease (Hausp, a.k.a Usp7), stabilizing Cry1 and shifting circadian clock time. DNA damage also increases Cry2 interaction with Fbxl3, destabilizing Cry2. Thus, genotoxic stress increases the Cry1/Cry2 ratio, suggesting distinct functions for Cry1 and Cry2 following DNA damage. Indeed, the transcriptional response to genotoxic stress is enhanced in Cry1-/- and blunted in Cry2-/- cells. Furthermore, Cry2-/- cells accumulate damaged DNA. These results suggest that Cry1 and Cry2, which evolved from DNA repair enzymes, protect genomic integrity via coordinated transcriptional regulation.
Pubmed ID: 25756610
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The Phelan-McDermid Syndrome Foundation, established in 2002, is a 501(c)3 nonprofit group that provides support services for those who have family members affected by 22q13 Deletion Syndrome / Phelan-McDermid Syndrome. It also raises money to further awareness of the syndrome through research and sponsoring an international conference every two years that brings together families, researchers and therapists. The Foundation facilitates connections between families through networking, communications and support services. We also build alliances with other rare diseases groups to expand our reach and exposure. The syndrome, which affects families worldwide, is a rare genetic occurrence and is the result of a damaged or missing protein on the 22nd chromosome. Our Foundation works with researchers who are looking into the cause and possible cure for the syndrome. PMSF's grants and fellowships program is intended to encourage research projects that will advance the development of treatments and cures for PMS. Our mission is to bring together everyone affected by 22q13 Deletion Syndrome/Phelan-McDermid Syndrome to help them through the challenges they face every day and to raise awareness in the medical and research communities.
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