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Hemoglobins (Hbs) corresponding to non-symbiotic (nsHb) and truncated (tHb) Hbs have been identified in rice ( Oryza). This review discusses the major findings from the current studies on rice Hbs. At the molecular level, a family of the nshb genes, consisting of hb1, hb2, hb3, hb4 and hb5, and a single copy of the thb gene exist in Oryza sativa var. indica and O. sativa var. japonica, Hb transcripts coexist in rice organs and Hb polypeptides exist in rice embryonic and vegetative organs and in the cytoplasm of differentiating cells. At the structural level, the crystal structure of rice Hb1 has been elucidated, and the structures of the other rice Hbs have been modeled. Kinetic analysis indicated that rice Hb1 and 2, and possibly rice Hb3 and 4, exhibit a very high affinity for O 2, whereas rice Hb5 and tHb possibly exhibit a low to moderate affinity for O 2. Based on the accumulated information on the properties of rice Hbs and data from the analysis of other plant and non-plant Hbs, it is likely that Hbs play a variety of roles in rice organs, including O 2-transport, O 2-sensing, NO-scavenging and redox-signaling. From an evolutionary perspective, an outline for the evolution of rice Hbs is available. Rice nshb and thb genes vertically evolved through different lineages, rice nsHbs evolved into clade I and clade II lineages and rice nshbs and thbs evolved under the effect of neutral selection. This review also reveals lacunae in our ability to completely understand rice Hbs. Primary lacunae are the absence of experimental information about the precise functions of rice Hbs, the properties of modeled rice Hbs and the cis-elements and trans-acting factors that regulate the expression of rice hb genes, and the partial understanding of the evolution of rice Hbs.
Pubmed ID: 25653837
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Database and resource that provides sequence and annotation data for the rice genome. This website provides genome sequence from the Nipponbare subspecies of rice and annotation of the 12 rice chromosomes. All structural and functional annotation is viewable through our Rice Genome Browser which currently supports 75 tracks of annotation. Enhanced data access is available through web interfaces, FTP downloads and a Data Extractor tool developed in order to support discrete dataset downloads. Rice is a model species for the monocotyledonous plants and the cereals which are the greatest source of food for the world''s population. While rice genome sequence is available through multiple sequencing projects, high quality, uniform annotation is required in order for genome sequence data to be fully utilized by researchers. The existence of a common gene set and uniform annotation allows researchers within the rice community to work from a common resource so that their results can be more easily interpreted by other scientists. The objective of this project has always been to provide high quality annotation for the rice genome. They generated, refined and updated gene models for the estimated 40,000-60,000 total rice genes, provided standardized annotation for each model, linked each model to functional annotation including expression data, gene ontologies, and tagged lines. They have provided a resource to extend the annotation of the rice genome to other plant species by providing comparative alignments to other plant species. Analysis/Tools are available including: BLAST, Locus Name Search, Functional Term Search, Protein Domain Search, Anatomy Expression Viewer, Highly Expressed Genes
View all literature mentionsCollection of structural data of biological macromolecules. Database of information about 3D structures of large biological molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids. Users can perform queries on data and analyze and visualize results.
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