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The promoter region of kappa-casein (κ-CN) gene in Indian native cattle and buffalo breeds was sequenced and analyzed for nucleotide variations. Sequence comparison across breeds of Indian cattle revealed a total of 7 variations in the promoter region, of which - 515 G/T, - 427 C/T, - 385 C/T, - 283 A/G and - 251 C/T were located within consensus binding sites for octamer-binding protein (OCT1)/pregnancy specific mammary nuclear factor (PMF), activator protein-2 (AP2), hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF-1) and GAL4 transcription factors (TFs), respectively. These variations might be involved in gain or loss of potential transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). Unlike the other 4 variants, the - 283 (A/G) variant located within HNF-1 TFBS was specific to Indian cattle as this change has not been observed in the Bos taurus sequence. Other TFBSs viz., MGF, TBP, NF-1, milk box and C/EBP were conserved across species. For the Indian native buffalo breeds, only 3 changes were identified in the promoter region; - 305 (A/C), - 160 (T/C) and - 141 (A/G) and most of the TFBSs were found to be conserved. However, deletion of two adjacent nucleotides located in and around binding site for C/EBP TF was identified in buffalo when compared with promoter sequence of bovine κ-CN. For κ-CN of Indian native cattle, a strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed for variations 515 G/T, - 427 C/T and - 385 C/T in the promoter region; and for variations at codons 136 and 148 of exon-IV. Further, among intragenic haplotypes, variation - 427 C/T was found to be in LD with variations at codons 136 and 148. The information generated in the present work provides comprehensive characterization of κ-CN gene promoter and coding regions in Indian cattle and buffaloes and reported variations could become important candidates for carrying out further research in dairy traits.
Pubmed ID: 25606460
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Software program that implements a new statistical method for reconstructing haplotypes from population genotype data (entry from Genetic Analysis Software)
View all literature mentionsTESS is a web tool for predicting transcription factor binding sites in DNA sequences. It can identify binding sites using site or consensus strings and positional weight matrices from the TRANSFAC, JASPAR, IMD, and our CBIL-GibbsMat database. You can use TESS to search a few of your own sequences or for user-defined CRMs genome-wide near genes throughout genomes of interest. Search for CRMs Genome-wide: TESS now has the ability to search whole genomes for user defined CRMs. Try a search in the AnGEL CRM Searches section of the navigation bar.. You can search for combinations of consensus site sequences and/or PWMs from TRANSFAC or JASPAR. Search DNA for Binding Sites: TESS also lets you search through your own sequence for TFBS. You can include your own site or consensus strings and/or weight matrices in the search. Use the Combined Search under ''Site Searches'' in the menu or use the box for a quick search. TESS assigns a TESS job number to all sequence search jobs. The job results are stored on our server for a period of time specified in the search submit form. During this time you may recall the search results using the form on this page. TESS can also email results to you as a tab-delimited file suitable for loading into a spreadsheet program. Query for Transcription Factor Info: TESS also has data browsing and querying capabilities to help you learn about the factors that were predicted to bind to your sequence. Use the Query TRANSFAC or Query Matrices links above or use the search interface provided from the home page.
View all literature mentionsA Java based software tool designed to simplify and expedite the process of haplotype analysis by providing a common interface to several tasks relating to such analyses. Haploview currently allows users to examine block structures, generate haplotypes in these blocks, run association tests, and save the data in a number of formats. All functionalities are highly customizable. (entry from Genetic Analysis Software) * LD & haplotype block analysis * haplotype population frequency estimation * single SNP and haplotype association tests * permutation testing for association significance * implementation of Paul de Bakker's Tagger tag SNP selection algorithm. * automatic download of phased genotype data from HapMap * visualization and plotting of PLINK whole genome association results including advanced filtering options Haploview is fully compatible with data dumps from the HapMap project and the Perlegen Genotype Browser. It can analyze thousands of SNPs (tens of thousands in command line mode) in thousands of individuals. Note: Haploview is currently on a development and support freeze. The team is currently looking at a variety of options in order to provide support for the software. Haploview is an open source project hosted by SourceForge. The source can be downloaded at the SourceForge project site.
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