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Ebolaviruses have the ability to infect a wide variety of species, with many African mammals potentially serving either as primary reservoirs or secondary amplifying hosts. Previous work has shown that frugivorous bats and primates are often associated with spillover and outbreaks. Yet the role that patterns of biodiversity, either of mammalian hosts or of common fruiting species such as Ficus (figs, fruit resources used by a wide variety of species), play in driving outbreak risk remains unclear. We investigated what factors most directly influence Ebolavirus outbreak risk in Sub-Saharan Africa by using a phylogenetically informed path analysis to compare a wide array of potential models (path diagrams) of spatial dynamics. We considered mammalian frugivore richness, cercopithecid and hominid primate richness, richness of pteropodid (fruit) bats, the spatial distribution of species that have tested positive for Ebolavirus antibodies in the wild, Ficus habitat suitability, and environmental conditions (mean annual and variability in temperature and rainfall). The proximate factors that most influenced whether a given host species range contained a site of a previous outbreak event were 1) habitat suitability for Ficus and 2) the diversity of cercopithecid primates. Frugivore richness overall (including bats, primates, and a few other mammals) and the richness of bats in the family Pteropodidae had a strong effect on which species tested positive for Ebolavirus antibodies, but did not influence outbreak risk directly in pathways explored. We interpret this as evidence that foraging around Ficus and frugivorous mammals (such as cercopithecid primates which are commonly hunted for food) play a prominent role in driving outbreaks into human communities, relative to other factors we considered which influence outbreak risk more indirectly.
Pubmed ID: 40018392
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The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) was established by governments in 2001 to encourage free and open access to biodiversity data, via the Internet. Through a global network of countries and organizations, GBIF promotes and facilitates the mobilization, access, discovery and use of information about the occurrence of organisms over time and across the planet. GBIF provides three core services and products: # An information infrastructure an Internet-based index of a globally distributed network of interoperable databases that contain primary biodiversity data information on museum specimens, field observations of plants and animals in nature, and results from experiments so that data holders across the world can access and share them # Community-developed tools, standards and protocols the tools data providers need to format and share their data # Capacity-building the training, access to international experts and mentoring programs that national and regional institutions need to become part of a decentralized network of biodiversity information facilities. GBIF and its many partners work to mobilize the data, and to improve search mechanisms, data and metadata standards, web services, and the other components of an Internet-based information infrastructure for biodiversity. GBIF makes available data that are shared by hundreds of data publishers from around the world. These data are shared according to the GBIF Data Use Agreement, which includes the provision that users of any data accessed through or retrieved via the GBIF Portal will always give credit to the original data publishers. * Explore Species: Find data for a species or other group of organisms. Information on species and other groups of plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms, including species occurrence records, as well as classifications and scientific and common names. * Explore Countries: Find data on the species recorded in a particular country, territory or island. Information on the species recorded in each country, including records shared by publishers from throughout the GBIF network. * Explore Datasets: Find data from a data publisher, dataset or data network. Information on the data publishers, datasets and data networks that share data through GBIF, including summary information on 10028 datasets from 419 data publishers.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on February 1st, 2022. Software application for genetic analysis of classical biometric traits like blood pressure or height that are caused by a combination of polygenic inheritance and complex environmental forces. (entry from Genetic Analysis Software)
View all literature mentionsA set of global climate layers (climate grids) with a spatial resolution of about 1 square kilometer. The data can be used for mapping and spatial modeling in a GIS or with other computer programs. If you are not familiar with such programs, you can try DIVA-GIS or the R raster package.
View all literature mentionsGeographical information system software produced by Esri.
View all literature mentionsA global evaluation of the conservation status of plant and animal species. The IUCN Red List plays a prominent role in guiding conservation activities of governments, NGOs and scientific institutions. The introduction in 1994 of a scientifically rigorous approach to determine risks of extinction that is applicable to all species, has become a world standard. In order to produce The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the IUCN Global Species Programme working with the IUCN Survival Commission (SSC) and with members of IUCN draws on and mobilizes a network of scientists and partner organizations working in almost every country in the world, who collectively hold what is likely the most complete scientific knowledge base on the biology and conservation status of species. The IUCN Red List is underpinned by information management tools (the Species Information Service) which facilitate the collection, management and processing of species data from workshop to publication on The IUCN Red List.
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