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Emotional experiences can profoundly impact our conceptual model of the world, modifying how we represent and remember a host of information even indirectly associated with that experienced in the past. Yet, how a new emotional experience infiltrates and spreads across pre-existing semantic knowledge structures (e.g., categories) is unknown. We used a modified aversive sensory preconditioning paradigm in fMRI (n = 35) to investigate whether threat memories integrate with a pre-established category to alter the representation of the entire category. We observed selective but transient changes in the representation of conceptually related items in the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and occipitotemporal cortex following threat conditioning to a simple cue (geometric shape) pre-associated with a different, but related, set of category exemplars. These representational changes persisted beyond 24 h in the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex. Reactivation of the semantic category during threat conditioning, combined with activation of the hippocampus or medial prefrontal cortex, was predictive of subsequent amygdala reactivity toward novel category members at test. This provides evidence for online integration of emotional experiences into semantic categories, which then promotes threat generalization. Behaviorally, threat conditioning by proxy selectively and retroactively enhanced recognition memory and increased the perceived typicality of the semantic category indirectly associated with threat. These findings detail a complex route through which new emotional learning generalizes by modifying semantic structures built up over time and stored in memory as conceptual knowledge.
Pubmed ID: 39059393
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Set of (mostly) C programs that run on X11+Unix-based platforms (Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, etc.) for processing, analyzing, and displaying functional MRI (FMRI) data defined over 3D volumes and over 2D cortical surface meshes. AFNI is freely distributed as source code plus some precompiled binaries.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on January 11, 2023. Software package designed to enable researchers with advanced tools for brain and image mapping. Many of the ANTS registration tools are diffeomorphic*, but deformation (elastic and BSpline) transformations are available. Unique components of ANTS include multivariate similarity metrics, landmark guidance, the ability to use label images to guide the mapping and both greedy and space-time optimal implementations of diffeomorphisms. The symmetric normalization (SyN) strategy is a part of the ANTS toolkit as is directly manipulated free form deformation (DMFFD). *Diffeomorphism: a differentiable map with differentiable inverse. In general, these maps are generated by integrating a time-dependent velocity field. ANTS Applications: * Gray matter morphometry based on the jacobian and/or cortical thickness. * Group and single-subject optimal templates. * Multivariate DT + T1 brain templates and group studies. * Longitudinal brain mapping -- special similarity metric options. * Neonatal and pediatric brain segmentation. * Pediatric brain mapping. * T1 brain mapping guided by tractography and connectivity. * Diffusion tensor registration based on scalar or connectivity data. * Brain mapping in the presence of lesions. * Lung and pulmonary tree registration. * User-guided hippocampus labeling, also of sub-fields. * Group studies and statistical analysis of cortical thickness, white matter volume, diffusion tensor-derived metrics such as fractional anisotropy and mean diffusion.
View all literature mentionsMindboggle (http://mindboggle.info) is open source software for analyzing the shapes of brain structures from human MRI data. The following publication in PLoS Computational Biology documents and evaluates the software: Klein A, Ghosh SS, Bao FS, Giard J, Hame Y, Stavsky E, Lee N, Rossa B, Reuter M, Neto EC, Keshavan A. (2017) Mindboggling morphometry of human brains. PLoS Computational Biology 13(3): e1005350. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005350
View all literature mentionsSoftware library of image analysis and statistical tools for fMRI, MRI and DTI brain imaging data. Include registration, atlases, diffusion MRI tools for parameter reconstruction and probabilistic taractography, and viewer. Several brain atlases, integrated into FSLView and Featquery, allow viewing of structural and cytoarchitectonic standard space labels and probability maps for cortical and subcortical structures and white matter tracts. Includes Harvard-Oxford cortical and subcortical structural atlases, Julich histological atlas, JHU DTI-based white-matter atlases, Oxford thalamic connectivity atlas, Talairach atlas, MNI structural atlas, and Cerebellum atlas.
View all literature mentionsA software package to facilitate the use of statistical learning on NeuroImaging data. Namely NiLearn leverages the scikit-learn Python toolbox for multivariate statistics with applications such as predictive modelling, classification, decoding, or connectivity analysis.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool as robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI.Used for preprocessing of diverse fMRI data.
View all literature mentionsA package for writing fMRI analysis pipelines and interfacing with external analysis packages (SPM, FSL, AFNI). Current neuroimaging software offer users an incredible opportunity to analyze their data in different ways, with different underlying assumptions. However, this has resulted in a heterogeneous collection of specialized applications without transparent interoperability or a uniform operating interface. Nipype, an open-source, community-developed initiative under the umbrella of Nipy, is a Python project that solves these issues by providing a uniform interface to existing neuroimaging software and by facilitating interaction between these packages within a single workflow. Nipype provides an environment that encourages interactive exploration of algorithms from different packages (e.g., SPM, FSL), eases the design of workflows within and between packages, and reduces the learning curve necessary to use different packages. Nipype is creating a collaborative platform for neuroimaging software development in a high-level language and addressing limitations of existing pipeline systems.
View all literature mentionsMultimodal imaging facility that supports human and preclinical imaging research. Hosts range of systems for MRI, PET, CT and optical imaging and accommodates both independent and assisted use for human MRI and PET/CT on its instruments. Provides in house training in scanner safety and operation and supports range of task for functional MRI studies.
View all literature mentionsOpen source software suite for processing and analyzing human brain MRI images. Used for reconstruction of brain cortical surface from structural MRI data, and overlay of functional MRI data onto reconstructed surface. Contains automatic structural imaging stream for processing cross sectional and longitudinal data. Provides anatomical analysis tools, including: representation of cortical surface between white and gray matter, representation of the pial surface, segmentation of white matter from rest of brain, skull stripping, B1 bias field correction, nonlinear registration of cortical surface of individual with stereotaxic atlas, labeling of regions of cortical surface, statistical analysis of group morphometry differences, and labeling of subcortical brain structures.Operating System: Linux, macOS.
View all literature mentionsUnbiased standard magnetic resonance imaging template brain volume for normal population. These volumes were created using data from ICBM project. 6 different templates are available: * ICBM 2009a Nonlinear Symmetric - template which includes T1w,T2w,PDw modalities, also T2 relaxometry (T2 values calculated for each subject using single dual echo PD/T2 scan), and tissue probabilities maps. Also included lobe atlas used for ANIMAL+INSECT segmentation, brain mask, eye mask and face mask. Intensity inhomogeneity was performed using N3 version 1.10.1. * ICBM 2009a Nonlinear Asymmetric template - template which includes T1w,T2w,PDw modalities, and tissue probabilities maps. Intensity inhomogeneity was performed using N3 version 1.10.1. Also included brain mask, eye mask and face mask. * ICBM 2009b Nonlinear Symmetric - template which includes only T1w,T2w and PDw modalities. * ICBM 2009b Nonlinear Asymmetric - template which includes only T1w,T2w and PDw modalities. * ICBM 2009c Nonlinear Symmetric - template which includes T1w,T2w,PDw modalities, and tissue probabilities maps. Also included lobe atlas used for ANIMAL+INSECT segmentation, brain mask, eye mask and face mask. Intensity inhomogeneity was performed using N3 version 1.11. Sampling is different from 2009a template. * ICBM 2009c Nonlinear Asymmetric template - template which includes T1w,T2w,PDw modalities, and tissue probabilities maps. Intensity inhomogeneity was performed using N3 version 1.11 Also included brain mask, eye mask and face mask.Sampling is different from 2009a template. All templates are describing the same anatomy, but sampling is different. Also, different versions of N3 algorithm produces slightly different tissue probability maps. Tools for using these atlases can be found in the Software section. Viewing the multiple atlas volumes online requires Java browser support. You may also download the templates - see licensing information.
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