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Fermented foods often have attractive flavor characteristics to meet various human demands. An ever-challenging target is the production of fermented foods with equal flavor profiles outside the product's origin. However, the formation of geography-dependent flavor in high-complexity fermentations remains poorly understood. Here, taking Chinese liquor (baijiu) fermentation as an example, we collected 403 samples from 9 different locations in China across a latitude range of 27°N to 37°N. We revealed and validated the geography-dependent flavor formation patterns by using culture-independent (metabolomics, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics) and culture-dependent tools. We found that the baijiu microbiomes along with their metabolites were flavor related and geography dependent. The geographical characteristics were determined mainly by 20 to 40 differentiated chemical markers in metabolites and the latitude-dependent fungal structure of the microbiome. About 48 to 156 core microbiota members out of 735 bacterial genera and 290 fungal genera contributed to the chemical markers. The contributions of both fungi and bacteria were greater than those from either bacteria or fungi alone. Representatively, we revealed that dynamic interdependent interactions between yeasts and Lactobacillus facilitated the metabolism of heterocyclic flavor chemicals such as 2-acetylpyrrole, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, and 2-acetylfuran. Moreover, we found that the intraspecific genomic diversity and microbial structure were two biotic factors that contributed to dynamic microbiome assembly. Based on the assembly pattern, adjusting the composition and distribution of initial species was one option to regulate the formation of diverse flavor characteristics. Our study provided a rationale for developing a microbiome design to achieve a defined flavor goal. IMPORTANCE People consume many spontaneously fermented foods and beverages with different flavors on a daily basis. One crucial and hotly discussed question is how to reproduce fermented food flavor without geographical limitations to meet diverse human demands. The constantly enriched knowledge of the microbial contribution to fermented flavor offers valuable insights into flavor biotechnological development. However, we still have a poor understanding of what factors limit the reproduction of fermented flavor outside the product's origin in high-complexity spontaneous fermentations. Here, taking baijiu fermentation as an example, we revealed that geography-dependent flavor was contributed mainly by fungus-bacterium cooperative metabolism. The distinct initial microbial composition, distribution, and intraspecific genomic diversity limited reproducible microbial interactions and metabolism in different geographical areas. The abundant microbial resources and predicted fungus-bacterium interactions found in baijiu fermentation enable us to design a synthetic microbial community to reproduce desired flavor profiles in the future.
Pubmed ID: 36135710
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Open-source software for network visualization and analysis helping data analysts to intuitively reveal patterns and trends, highlight outliers and tells stories with their data. It uses a 3D render engine to display large graphs in real-time and to speed up the exploration. Gephi combines built-in functionalities and flexible architecture to: explore, analyze, spatialize, filter, cluterize, manipulate and export all types of networks. Gephi runs on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. Gephi is based on a visualize-and-manipulate paradigm which allow any user to discover networks and data properties. Moreover, it is designed to follow the chain of a case study, from data file to nice printable maps. It is open-source and free (GNU General Public License). Applications: * Exploratory Data Analysis: intuition-oriented analysis by networks manipulations in real time. * Link Analysis: revealing the underlying structures of associations between objects, in particular in scale-free networks. * Social Network Analysis: easy creation of social data connectors to map community organizations and small-world networks. * Biological Network analysis: representing patterns of biological data. * Poster creation: scientific work promotion with hi-quality printable maps. Gephi 0.7 architecture is modular and therefore allows developers to add and extend functionalities with ease. New features like Metrics, Layout, Filters, Data sources and more can be easily packaged in plugins and shared. The built-in Plugins Center automatically gets the list of plugins available from the Gephi Plugin portal and takes care of all software updates. Download, comment, and rate plugins provided by community members and third-party companies, or post your own contributions!
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