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Controlled drainage is considered as a soil management tool to improve water supply to crops and reduce nutrient losses from fields; however, its closure may affect phosphorus (P) mobilization in soil. To assess the P mobilization potential, three soil profiles with redoximorphic features were selected along a slight hill in Northern Germany. Soil samples from three depths of each profile were characterized for basic properties, total element content, oxalate- and dithionite-extractable pedogenic Al, Fe and Mn (hydr)oxides, P pools (sequential extraction), P species [P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy] and P sorption behavior. In topsoil (~ 10 cm depth), labile P (H2O-P + resin-P + NaHCO3-P) accounted for 26-32% of total P (Pt). Phosphorus K-edge XANES revealed that up to 49% of Pt was bound to Al and/or Fe (hydr)oxides, but sequential fractionation indicated that > 30% of this P was occluded within sesquioxide aggregates. A low binding capacity for P was demonstrated by P sorption capacity and low Kf coefficients (20-33 [Formula: see text]) of the Freundlich equation. In the subsoil layers (~ 30 and ~ 65 cm depth), higher proportions of Al- and Fe-bound P along with other characteristics suggested that all profiles might be prone to P mobilization/leaching risk under reducing conditions even if the degree of P saturation (DPS) of a profile under oxic conditions was < 25%. The results suggest that a closure of the controlled drainage may pose a risk of increased P mobilization, but this needs to be compared with the risk of uncontrolled drainage and P losses to avoid P leaching into the aquatic ecosystem.
Pubmed ID: 32323172
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Athena is a web-based application that warehouses disparate datatypes related to the control of gene expression. Athena provides several features to enable exploration of the regulatory mechanisms of Arabidopsis gene control. The first main tool we provide is visualization of promoter domains of selected genes. Database crossreference for these transcription factors is provided as well as a statistical test for enrichment of binding activity within the set of selected promoters. The data mining tools in Athena allow for selection of sets of genes based on two different factors. -Genes can be select by specifying a set of binding factors whose putative sites must be present within all of those genes'' promoter regions. -Alternatively, genes can be selected using Gene Ontology annotations. Both GO (Gene Ontology) Slim terms and Gene Ontology terms are available. One can select a set of genes by either choosing a union of the genes annotated by a selected set of Slim terms or Gene Ontology terms. The selected gene''s putative binding factors are listed, including enrichment data. Furthermore, enriched presence of Gene Ontology terms is given. The analysis suite provides both enhanced data mining tools for selecting genes as well as several data displays.
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