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Protein ubiquitination is a key post-translational modification regulating a wide range of biological processes. Ubiquitination involves the covalent attachment of the small protein ubiquitin to a lysine of a protein substrate. In addition to its well-established role in protein degradation, protein ubiquitination plays a role in protein-protein interactions, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, and other cellular functions. Understanding the mechanisms and functional relevance of ubiquitin as a signaling system requires the generation of antibodies or alternative reagents that specifically detect ubiquitin in a site-specific manner. However, in contrast to other post-translational modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, and methylation, the instability and size of ubiquitin-76 amino acids-complicate the preparation of suitable antigens and the generation antibodies detecting such site-specific modifications. As a result, the field of ubiquitin research has limited access to specific antibodies. This severely hampers progress in understanding the regulation and function of site-specific ubiquitination in many areas of biology, specifically in epigenetics and cancer. Therefore, there is a high demand for antibodies recognizing site-specific ubiquitin modifications. Here we describe a strategy for the development of site-specific ubiquitin antibodies. Based on a recently developed antibody against site-specific ubiquitination of histone H2B, we provide detailed protocols for chemical synthesis methods for antigen preparation and discuss considerations for screening and quality control experiments.
Pubmed ID: 32154221
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Central repository for collection of functional information on proteins, with accurate and consistent annotation. In addition to capturing core data mandatory for each UniProtKB entry (mainly, the amino acid sequence, protein name or description, taxonomic data and citation information), as much annotation information as possible is added. This includes widely accepted biological ontologies, classifications and cross-references, and experimental and computational data. The UniProt Knowledgebase consists of two sections, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL. UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (reviewed) is a high quality manually annotated and non-redundant protein sequence database which brings together experimental results, computed features, and scientific conclusions. UniProtKB/TrEMBL (unreviewed) contains protein sequences associated with computationally generated annotation and large-scale functional characterization that await full manual annotation. Users may browse by taxonomy, keyword, gene ontology, enzyme class or pathway.
View all literature mentionsAmerican chemical, life science and biotechnology company owned by Merck KGaA. Merger of Sigma Chemical Company and Aldrich Chemical Company. Provides organic and inorganic chemicals, building blocks, reagents, advanced materials and stable isotopes for chemical synthesis, medicinal chemistry and materials science, antibiotics, buffers, carbohydrates, enzymes, forensic tools, hematology and histology, nucleotides, proteins, peptides, amino acids and their derivatives.
View all literature mentionsA completely automatic algorithm for artifact identification and removal in EEG data. ADJUST is based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA), a successful but unsupervised method for isolating artifacts from EEG recordings. ADJUST identifies artifacted ICA components by combining stereotyped artifact-specific spatial and temporal features. Features are optimised to capture blinks, eye movements and generic discontinuities. Once artifacted IC are identified, they can be simply removed from the data while leaving the activity due to neural sources almost unaffected.
View all literature mentionsThis polyclonal targets Histone H2A
View all literature mentionsThis monoclonal targets Ubiquitinated Histone H2B
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