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DNA replication perturbs the dosage balance among genes; at mid-S phase, early-replicating genes have doubled their copies while late-replicating ones have not. Dosage imbalance among genes, especially within members of a protein complex, is toxic to cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that cells use to deal with such imbalance remain not fully understood. Here, we validate at the genomic scale that the dosage between early- and late-replicating genes is imbalanced in HeLa cells. We propose the synchronized replication hypothesis that genes sensitive to stoichiometric relationships will be replicated simultaneously to maintain stoichiometry. In support of this hypothesis, we observe that genes encoding the same protein complex have similar replication timing but mainly in fast-proliferating cells such as embryonic stem cells and cancer cells. We find that the synchronized replication observed in cancer cells, but not in slow-proliferating differentiated cells, is due to convergent evolution during tumorigenesis that restores synchronized replication timing within protein complexes. Taken together, our study reveals that the demand for dosage balance during S phase plays an important role in the optimization of the replication-timing program; this selection is relaxed during differentiation as the cell cycle prolongs and is restored during tumorigenesis as the cell cycle shortens.
Pubmed ID: 31662304
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Collection of genome databases for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species with DNA and protein sequence search capabilities. Used to automatically annotate genome, integrate this annotation with other available biological data and make data publicly available via web. Ensembl tools include BLAST, BLAT, BioMart and the Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) for all supported species.
View all literature mentionsDatabase to catalog experimentally determined interactions between proteins combining information from a variety of sources to create a single, consistent set of protein-protein interactions that can be downloaded in a variety of formats. The data were curated, both, manually and also automatically using computational approaches that utilize the the knowledge about the protein-protein interaction networks extracted from the most reliable, core subset of the DIP data. Because the reliability of experimental evidence varies widely, methods of quality assessment have been developed and utilized to identify the most reliable subset of the interactions. This CORE set can be used as a reference when evaluating the reliability of high-throughput protein-protein interaction data sets, for development of prediction methods, as well as in the studies of the properties of protein interaction networks. Tools are available to analyze, visualize and integrate user's own experimental data with the information about protein-protein interactions available in the DIP database. The DIP database lists protein pairs that are known to interact with each other. By interact they mean that two amino acid chains were experimentally identified to bind to each other. The database lists such pairs to aid those studying a particular protein-protein interaction but also those investigating entire regulatory and signaling pathways as well as those studying the organization and complexity of the protein interaction network at the cellular level. Registration is required to gain access to most of the DIP features. Registration is free to the members of the academic community. Trial accounts for the commercial users are also available.
View all literature mentionsFunctional genomics data repository supporting MIAME-compliant data submissions. Includes microarray-based experiments measuring the abundance of mRNA, genomic DNA, and protein molecules, as well as non-array-based technologies such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and mass spectrometry proteomic technology. Array- and sequence-based data are accepted. Collection of curated gene expression DataSets, as well as original Series and Platform records. The database can be searched using keywords, organism, DataSet type and authors. DataSet records contain additional resources including cluster tools and differential expression queries.
View all literature mentionsDatabase that represents a centralized platform to visually depict and integrate information pertaining to domain architecture, post-translational modifications, interaction networks and disease association for each protein in the human proteome. All the information in HPRD has been manually extracted from the literature by expert biologists who read, interpret and analyze the published data.
View all literature mentionsReplicationDomain is an online database resource for storing, sharing and visualizing DNA replication timing and transcription data, as well as other numerical epigenetic data types. Data is typically obtained from DNA microarrays or DNA sequencing. Our site has a user registration system that allows registered users to upload their own data sets. While non-registered users may freely view and download public data sets, registered users may upload their own data sets and view them privately, share them with other registered users, or make published data sets publicly available. In addition we have implemented additional mechanisms that allow users to restrict sharing of data sets to a user designated group of registered users. Further details on the database usage are in the User Guide Page, while data set details are in the Documentation Page. Replication timing data were obtained by hybridizing early and late replication intermediates to Nimblegen oligonucleotide arrays, as described in Hiratani et al [PLoS Biology (2008) 6: e245]. Briefly, replication intermediates are prepared from cells that are first pulse-labeled with BrdU and then sorted into early and late stages of S-phase by flow cytometry, followed by anti-BrdU immunoprecipitation of the BrdU-substituted (nascent) replication intermediates that were synthesized either early or late during S-phase. After unbiased amplification of recovered DNA, the samples are differentially labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 and hybridized to Nimblegen CGH arrays containing one oligonucleotide probe every 5.8 kb across the mouse genome (Nimblegen, 2006-07-26_MM8_WG_CGH). Raw data from two independent biological replicates in which the early and late replicating DNA were labeled reciprocally with Cy3 and Cy 5 (dye switch) are loess-normalized and scaled to have the same median-absolute deviation using the limma package (R/Bioconductor) and then averaged. Finally, the data are smoothed with a weighted moving average (loess: local polynomial smoothing).
View all literature mentionsCell line HeLa is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens
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