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The zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi parasite is the most common cause of human malaria in Malaysia. Genetic analysis has shown that the parasites are divided into three subpopulations according to their geographic origin (Peninsular or Borneo) and, in Borneo, their macaque host (Macaca fascicularis or M. nemestrina). Whilst evidence suggests that genetic exchange events have occurred between the two Borneo subpopulations, the picture is unclear in less studied Peninsular strains. One difficulty is that P. knowlesi infected individuals tend to present with low parasitaemia leading to samples with insufficient DNA for whole genome sequencing. Here, using a parasite selective whole genome amplification approach on unprocessed blood samples, we were able to analyse recent genomes sourced from both Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. The analysis provides evidence that recombination events are present in the Peninsular Malaysia parasite subpopulation, which have acquired fragments of the M. nemestrina associated subpopulation genotype, including the DBPβ and NBPXa erythrocyte invasion genes. The NBPXb invasion gene has also been exchanged within the macaque host-associated subpopulations of Malaysian Borneo. Our work provides strong evidence that exchange events are far more ubiquitous than expected and should be taken into consideration when studying the highly complex P. knowlesi population structure.
Pubmed ID: 31285495
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A per-based software to estimate multiplicity of infection (MOI) in parasite genomic sequence data. It is primarily developed to address the limitations of current laboratory (PCR) based estimates of multiplicity using high throughput sequence data. It requires a BAM (alignment output of short reads to the reference genome), VCF (a file with information on variant calls) and FASTA (reference genome) files. # Short reads are aligned to a reference genome using BWA, BOWTIE, SMALT or other short read aligners to generate a BAM file. # Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are then identified using SAMTools/BCFtools and stored in the VCF format. # The reference FASTA file is expected to be indexed using ''samtools faidx'' to generate a *.fai file. estMOI generates files containing MOI estimates for each SNP combinations (file with name *.log) and a summary for all chromosomes (file with name *.txt).
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