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Genetic basis for the establishment of endosymbiosis in Paramecium.

Ming He | Jinfeng Wang | Xinpeng Fan | Xiaohui Liu | Wenyu Shi | Ning Huang | Fangqing Zhao | Miao Miao
The ISME journal | 2019

The single-celled ciliate Paramecium bursaria is an indispensable model for investigating endosymbiosis between protists and green-algal symbionts. To elucidate the mechanism of this type of endosymbiosis, we combined PacBio and Illumina sequencing to assemble a high-quality and near-complete macronuclear genome of P. bursaria. The genomic characteristics and phylogenetic analyses indicate that P. bursaria is the basal clade of the Paramecium genus. Through comparative genomic analyses with its close relatives, we found that P. bursaria encodes more genes related to nitrogen metabolism and mineral absorption, but encodes fewer genes involved in oxygen binding and N-glycan biosynthesis. A comparison of the transcriptomic profiles between P. bursaria with and without endosymbiotic Chlorella showed differential expression of a wide range of metabolic genes. We selected 32 most differentially expressed genes to perform RNA interference experiment in P. bursaria, and found that P. bursaria can regulate the abundance of their symbionts through glutamine supply. This study provides novel insights into Paramecium evolution and will extend our knowledge of the molecular mechanism for the induction of endosymbiosis between P. bursaria and green algae.

Pubmed ID: 30647459

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This is a list of tools and resources that we have found mentioned in this publication.


BLASTN (tool)

RRID:SCR_001598

Web application to search nucleotide databases using a nucleotide query. Algorithms: blastn, megablast, discontiguous megablast.

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SMART Video-tracking (tool)

RRID:SCR_002852

Software for the automated evaluation of behavior in a range of pre-clinical and neuroscience applications in basic and clinical psychopharmacology. Applications include phenotype characterization and studying the behavioral effects of pharmacologic substances.

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PRINTS (tool)

RRID:SCR_003412

Compendium of protein fingerprints. Diagnostic fingerprint database.

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PROSITE (tool)

RRID:SCR_003457

Database of protein families and domains that is based on the observation that, while there is a huge number of different proteins, most of them can be grouped, on the basis of similarities in their sequences, into a limited number of families. Proteins or protein domains belonging to a particular family generally share functional attributes and are derived from a common ancestor. It is complemented by ProRule, a collection of rules based on profiles and patterns, which increases the discriminatory power of profiles and patterns by providing additional information about functionally and/or structurally critical amino acids. ScanProsite finds matches of your protein sequences to PROSITE signatures. PROSITE currently contains patterns and profiles specific for more than a thousand protein families or domains. Each of these signatures comes with documentation providing background information on the structure and function of these proteins. The database is available via FTP.

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Gephi (tool)

RRID:SCR_004293

Open-source software for network visualization and analysis helping data analysts to intuitively reveal patterns and trends, highlight outliers and tells stories with their data. It uses a 3D render engine to display large graphs in real-time and to speed up the exploration. Gephi combines built-in functionalities and flexible architecture to: explore, analyze, spatialize, filter, cluterize, manipulate and export all types of networks. Gephi runs on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. Gephi is based on a visualize-and-manipulate paradigm which allow any user to discover networks and data properties. Moreover, it is designed to follow the chain of a case study, from data file to nice printable maps. It is open-source and free (GNU General Public License). Applications: * Exploratory Data Analysis: intuition-oriented analysis by networks manipulations in real time. * Link Analysis: revealing the underlying structures of associations between objects, in particular in scale-free networks. * Social Network Analysis: easy creation of social data connectors to map community organizations and small-world networks. * Biological Network analysis: representing patterns of biological data. * Poster creation: scientific work promotion with hi-quality printable maps. Gephi 0.7 architecture is modular and therefore allows developers to add and extend functionalities with ease. New features like Metrics, Layout, Filters, Data sources and more can be easily packaged in plugins and shared. The built-in Plugins Center automatically gets the list of plugins available from the Gephi Plugin portal and takes care of all software updates. Download, comment, and rate plugins provided by community members and third-party companies, or post your own contributions!

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Pfam (tool)

RRID:SCR_004726

A database of protein families, each represented by multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models (HMMs). Users can analyze protein sequences for Pfam matches, view Pfam family annotation and alignments, see groups of related families, look at the domain organization of a protein sequence, find the domains on a PDB structure, and query Pfam by keywords. There are two components to Pfam: Pfam-A and Pfam-B. Pfam-A entries are high quality, manually curated families that may automatically generate a supplement using the ADDA database. These automatically generated entries are called Pfam-B. Although of lower quality, Pfam-B families can be useful for identifying functionally conserved regions when no Pfam-A entries are found. Pfam also generates higher-level groupings of related families, known as clans (collections of Pfam-A entries which are related by similarity of sequence, structure or profile-HMM).

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NCBI BioProject (tool)

RRID:SCR_004801

Database of biological data related to a single initiative, originating from a single organization or from a consortium. A BioProject record provides users a single place to find links to the diverse data types generated for that project. It is a searchable collection of complete and incomplete (in-progress) large-scale sequencing, assembly, annotation, and mapping projects for cellular organisms. Submissions are supported by a web-based Submission Portal. The database facilitates organization and classification of project data submitted to NCBI, EBI and DDBJ databases that captures descriptive information about research projects that result in high volume submissions to archival databases, ties together related data across multiple archives and serves as a central portal by which to inform users of data availability. BioProject records link to corresponding data stored in archival repositories. The BioProject resource is a redesigned, expanded, replacement of the NCBI Genome Project resource. The redesign adds tracking of several data elements including more precise information about a project''''s scope, material, and objectives. Genome Project identifiers are retained in the BioProject as the ID value for a record, and an Accession number has been added. Database content is exchanged with other members of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC). BioProject is accessible via FTP.

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RAxML (tool)

RRID:SCR_006086

Software program for phylogenetic analyses of large datasets under maximum likelihood.

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InterPro (tool)

RRID:SCR_006695

Service providing functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites. They combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalizing on their individual strengths to produce a powerful integrated database and diagnostic tool. This integrated database of predictive protein signatures is used for the classification and automatic annotation of proteins and genomes. InterPro classifies sequences at superfamily, family and subfamily levels, predicting the occurrence of functional domains, repeats and important sites. InterPro adds in-depth annotation, including GO terms, to the protein signatures. You can access the data programmatically, via Web Services. The member databases use a number of approaches: # ProDom: provider of sequence-clusters built from UniProtKB using PSI-BLAST. # PROSITE patterns: provider of simple regular expressions. # PROSITE and HAMAP profiles: provide sequence matrices. # PRINTS provider of fingerprints, which are groups of aligned, un-weighted Position Specific Sequence Matrices (PSSMs). # PANTHER, PIRSF, Pfam, SMART, TIGRFAMs, Gene3D and SUPERFAMILY: are providers of hidden Markov models (HMMs). Your contributions are welcome. You are encouraged to use the ''''Add your annotation'''' button on InterPro entry pages to suggest updated or improved annotation for individual InterPro entries.

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Augustus (tool)

RRID:SCR_008417

Software for gene prediction in eukaryotic genomic sequences. Serves as a basis for further steps in the analysis of sequenced and assembled eukaryotic genomes.

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MAFFT (tool)

RRID:SCR_011811

Software package as multiple alignment program for amino acid or nucleotide sequences. Can align up to 500 sequences or maximum file size of 1 MB. First version of MAFFT used algorithm based on progressive alignment, in which sequences were clustered with help of Fast Fourier Transform. Subsequent versions have added other algorithms and modes of operation, including options for faster alignment of large numbers of sequences, higher accuracy alignments, alignment of non-coding RNA sequences, and addition of new sequences to existing alignments.

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Trimmomatic (tool)

RRID:SCR_011848

Software Java pipeline for trimming tasks for Illumina paired end and single ended data. Flexible Trimmer for Illumina Sequence Data. Pair aware preprocessing tool optimized for Illumina next generation sequencing data. Includes several processing steps for read trimming and filtering. Operating systems Unix/Linux, Mac OS, Windows.

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Mauve (tool)

RRID:SCR_012852

THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on February 28,2023. Software as system for efficiently constructing multiple genome alignments in the presence of large-scale evolutionary events such as rearrangement and inversion.

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ProtTest (tool)

RRID:SCR_014628

Web-based software used for the selection of best-fit models of protein evolution.

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PANTHER (tool)

RRID:SCR_015893

System that classifies genes by their functions, using published scientific experimental evidence and evolutionary relationships to predict function even in absence of direct experimental evidence. Orthologs view is curated orthology relationships between genes for human, mouse, rat, fish, worm, and fly.

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PANTHER (tool)

RRID:SCR_004869

System that classifies genes by their functions, using published scientific experimental evidence and evolutionary relationships to predict function even in absence of direct experimental evidence. Orthologs view is curated orthology relationships between genes for human, mouse, rat, fish, worm, and fly.

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