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Horizontal transfer of genetic materials between virus and host has been frequently identified. Three rice planthoppers, Laodelphax striatellus, Nilaparvata lugens, and Sogatella furcifera, are agriculturally important insects because they are destructive rice pests and also the vector of a number of phytopathogenic viruses. In this study, we discovered that a small region (∼300 nucleotides [nt]) of the genome of invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV-6; genus Iridovirus, family Iridoviridae), a giant DNA virus that infects invertebrates but is not known to infect planthoppers, is highly homologous to the sequences present in high copy numbers in these three planthopper genomes. These sequences are related to the short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), a class of non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons (retroposons), suggesting a horizontal transfer event of a transposable element from the rice planthopper genome to the IIV-6 genome. In addition, a number of planthopper transcripts mapped to these rice planthopper SINE-like sequences (RPSlSs) were identified and appear to be transcriptionally regulated along the different developmental stages of planthoppers. Small RNAs derived from these RPSlSs are predominantly 26 to 28 nt long, which is a typical characteristic of PIWI-interacting RNAs. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that IIV-6 acquires a SINE-like retrotransposon from S. furcifera after the evolutionary divergence of the three rice planthoppers. This study provides further examples of the horizontal transfer of an insect transposon to virus and suggests the association of rice planthoppers with iridoviruses in the past or present.IMPORTANCE This study provides an example of the horizontal transfer event from a rice planthopper genome to an IIV-6 genome. A small region of the IIV-6 genome (∼300 nt) is highly homologous to the sequences presented in high copy numbers of three rice planthopper genomes that are related to the SINEs, a class of retroposons. The expression of these planthopper SINE-like sequences was confirmed, and corresponding Piwi-interacting RNA-like small RNAs were identified and comprehensively characterized. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the giant invertebrate iridovirus IIV-6 obtains this SINE-related sequence from Sogatella furcifera through a horizontal transfer event in the past. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a horizontal transfer event between a planthopper and a giant DNA virus and also is the first evidence for the eukaryotic origin of genetic material in iridoviruses.
Pubmed ID: 30626674
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Web application to search nucleotide databases using a nucleotide query. Algorithms: blastn, megablast, discontiguous megablast.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on January 19, 2022. Command line version of multiple sequence alignment program Clustal for DNA or proteins. Alignment is progressive and considers sequence redundancy. No longer being maintained. Please consider using Clustal Omega instead which accepts nucleic acid or protein sequences in multiple sequence formats NBRF/PIR, EMBL/UniProt, Pearson (FASTA), GDE, ALN/ClustalW, GCG/MSF, RSF.
View all literature mentionsSoftware ultrafast memory efficient tool for aligning sequencing reads. Bowtie is short read aligner.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for fast and high throughput alignment of shotgun cDNA sequencing reads generated by transcriptomics technologies. Fast splice junction mapper for RNA-Seq reads. Aligns RNA-Seq reads to mammalian-sized genomes using ultra high-throughput short read aligner Bowtie, and then analyzes mapping results to identify splice junctions between exons.TopHat2 is accurate alignment of transcriptomes in presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for transcriptome assembly and differential expression analysis for RNA-Seq. Includes script called cuffmerge that can be used to merge together several Cufflinks assemblies. It also handles running Cuffcompare as well as automatically filtering a number of transfrags that are likely to be artifacts. If the researcher has a reference GTF file, the researcher can provide it to the script to more effectively merge novel isoforms and maximize overall assembly quality.
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