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Chronic inflammation is known to contribute to tumor initiation and cancer progression. In breast tissue, the core circadian gene Period (PER)2 plays a critical role in mammary gland development and possesses tumor suppressor function. Interleukin (IL)-6 and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 are among the most abundant cytokines in the inflammatory microenvironment. We found that acute stimulation by IL-6/CCL2 reduced PER2 expression in non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells. Longer term exposure to IL-6/CCL2 suppressed PER2 to an even lower level. IL-6 activated STAT3/NFκB p50 signaling to recruit HDAC1 to the PER2 promoter. CCL2 activated the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote ELK-1 cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation, recruit HDAC1 to the proximal PER2 promoter and facilitate DNMT3-EZH2-PER2 promoter association. Ectopic expression of PER2 inhibited IL-6 or CCL2 induced mammosphere forming ability and reduced sphere size indicating that PER2 repression in breast epithelial cells can be crucial to activate tumorigenesis in an inflammatory microenvironment. The diminished expression of PER2 can be observed over a time scale of hours to weeks following IL-6/CCL2 stimulation suggesting that PER2 suppression occurs in the early stage of the interaction between an inflammatory microenvironment and normal breast epithelial cells. These data show new mechanisms by which mammary cells interact with a cancerous microenvironment and provide additional evidence that PER2 expression contributes to breast tumorigenesis.
Pubmed ID: 30343691
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Commercial organization which provides reagents and services for molecular biology research. Its services include clone collections, microRNA solutions, genome editing, qPCR products, and fluorescent labeling and detection.
View all literature mentionsA research tool company focused on the creation of the largest commercial collection of full-length human cDNAs in a standard expression vector. The availability of the complete human genome sequence and the subsequent development of genome-based tools have enabled the identification of relevant drug targets through system biology approaches. OriGene''s vision is to prepare comprehensive, genome wide research tools and technology platforms to enable scientists to study complete biological pathways, thus enabling a better understanding of disease mechanisms including cancer and stem cell research. OriGene Technologies uses high-throughput, genome wide approach to develop products for pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and academic research. Their flagship product is the cDNA clone collection, a searchable gene bank of over 30,000 human full-length TrueClone cDNA collection and over 25,000 TrueORF cDNA clones. From their TrueORF cDNA clones, they have developed the largest offering of full length human proteins expressed in mammalian cells, ideal for functional studies. Their TrueMAB project develops mouse monoclonal antibodies against protein antigens with the goal to develop protein assays for every human protein. They also offer complete molecular biology services from codon optimization, gene synthesis, protein expression and assay development. In addition, they offer unique gene expression products such as TissueScan cancer tissue qPCR arrays and tissue biorepository for biomarker discovery and validation.
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