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Exosomes are nanovesicles released from most cell types including immune cells. Prior studies suggest exosomes play a role in HIV pathogenesis, but little is known about exosome cargo in relation to immune responses and oxidative stress. Here, we characterize plasma exosomes in HIV patients and their relationship to immunological and oxidative stress markers. Plasma exosome fractions were isolated from HIV-positive subjects on ART with suppressed viral load and HIV-negative controls. Exosomes were characterized by electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking, immunoblotting, and LC-MS/MS proteomics. Plasma exosomes were increased in HIV-positive subjects compared to controls, and correlated with increased oxidative stress markers (cystine, oxidized cys-gly) and decreased PUFA (DHA, EPA, DPA). Untargeted proteomics detected markers of exosomes (CD9, CD63, CD81), immune activation (CD14, CRP, HLA-A, HLA-B), oxidative stress (CAT, PRDX1, PRDX2, TXN), and Notch4 in plasma exosomes. Exosomal Notch4 was increased in HIV-positive subjects versus controls and correlated with immune activation markers. Treatment of THP-1 monocytic cells with patient-derived exosomes induced expression of genes related to interferon responses and immune activation. These results suggest that exosomes in ART-treated HIV patients carry proteins related to immune activation and oxidative stress, have immunomodulatory effects on myeloid cells, and may have pro-inflammatory and redox effects during pathogenesis.
Pubmed ID: 29740045
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THIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented on March 23, 2012. The National Neurologic AIDS Bank (NNAB) is a site of the HIV/CNS Tissue Network. Based in Los Angeles, which has the largest and most diverse AIDS population in the western United States, the NNAB provides researchers with well-characterized neural tissue from HIV-1-infected and seronegative control donors. The NNAB collaborates with the other designated sites, funding agencies, and outside experts to develop local and national tissue networks. There are plans to create a Network Steering Committee, a panel of outside advisers, and a protocol to recruit and characterize human donors. The NNAB collects pre- and post-mortem clinical data and neural tissues using a standardized autopsy protocol, and the bank stores, codes, catalogs, and distributes this tissue. An electronic database and an Internet-based application process that researchers can use to access the Network's resources are being designed.
View all literature mentionsCommercial vendor and service provider of laboratory reagents and antibodies. Supplier of scientific instrumentation, reagents and consumables, and software services.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for single-cell flow cytometry analysis. Its functions include management, display, manipulation, analysis and publication of the data stream produced by flow and mass cytometers.
View all literature mentionsA data analysis software program that offers nCounter users the ability to QC, normalize, and analyze data without having to purchase additional software packages.
View all literature mentionsPrivately held company that develops and produces antibodies, ELISA kits, ChIP kits, proteomic kits, and other related reagents used to study cell signaling pathways that impact human health.
View all literature mentionsBioIVT, formerly BioreclamationIVT, is global provider of biological specimens and services. Provides biological and in vitro products specializing in control and disease state matrices manufactured from human and animal whole blood, plasma, serum, tissues and other fluids which are used in drug discovery, compound development, clinical and research diagnostics.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on May 5,2022.Tool that predicts interactions between transcription factors and their regulated genes from binding motifs. Understanding vertebrate development requires unraveling the cis-regulatory architecture of gene regulation. PRISM provides accurate genome-wide computational predictions of transcription factor binding sites for the human and mouse genomes, and integrates the predictions with GREAT to provide functional biological context. Together, accurate computational binding site prediction and GREAT produce for each transcription factor: 1. putative binding sites, 2. putative target genes, 3. putative biological roles of the transcription factor, and 4. putative cis-regulatory elements through which the factor regulates each target in each functional role.
View all literature mentionsSystem that classifies genes by their functions, using published scientific experimental evidence and evolutionary relationships to predict function even in absence of direct experimental evidence. Orthologs view is curated orthology relationships between genes for human, mouse, rat, fish, worm, and fly.
View all literature mentionsSystem that classifies genes by their functions, using published scientific experimental evidence and evolutionary relationships to predict function even in absence of direct experimental evidence. Orthologs view is curated orthology relationships between genes for human, mouse, rat, fish, worm, and fly.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for protein identification and relative protein expression analysis. Used in protein research to identify proteins and search large numbers of post translational modifications. Compatible with all proteomics MS/MS systems.
View all literature mentionsCell line THP-1 is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)
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