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Elucidating the factors governing the functional compatibility of horizontally transferred genes is important to understand bacterial evolution, including the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance, and to successfully engineer biological systems. In silico efforts and work using single-gene libraries have suggested that sequence composition is a strong barrier for the successful integration of heterologous genes. Here we sample 200 diverse genes, representing >80% of sequenced antibiotic resistance genes, to interrogate the factors governing genetic compatibility in new hosts. In contrast to previous work, we find that GC content, codon usage, and mRNA-folding energy are of minor importance for the compatibility of mechanistically diverse gene products at moderate expression. Instead, we identify the phylogenetic origin, and the dependence of a resistance mechanism on host physiology, as major factors governing the functionality and fitness of antibiotic resistance genes. These findings emphasize the importance of biochemical mechanism for heterologous gene compatibility, and suggest physiological constraints as a pivotal feature orienting the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
Pubmed ID: 29410400
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Collection of curated, non-redundant genomic DNA, transcript RNA, and protein sequences produced by NCBI. Provides a reference for genome annotation, gene identification and characterization, mutation and polymorphism analysis, expression studies, and comparative analyses. Accessed through the Nucleotide and Protein databases.
View all literature mentionsBiopython is a set of freely available tools for biological computation written in Python by an international team of developers. It is a distributed collaborative effort to develop Python libraries and applications which address the needs of current and future work in bioinformatics. The source code is made available under the Biopython License, which is extremely liberal and compatible with almost every license in the world. It works along with the Open Bioinformatics Foundation, who generously host it''s website, bug tracker, and mailing lists. Sponsor: This resource is supported by the Open Bioinformatics Foundation. Keywords: Tool, Software, Python, Biological, Computation, Bioinformatics,
View all literature mentionsCommercial vendor and service provider of laboratory reagents and antibodies. Supplier of scientific instrumentation, reagents and consumables, and software services.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE. Documented on February 28,2023. Software program for clustering biological sequences with many applications in various fields such as making non-redundant databases, finding duplicates, identifying protein families, filtering sequence errors and improving sequence assembly etc. It is very fast and can handle extremely large databases. CD-HIT helps to significantly reduce the computational and manual efforts in many sequence analysis tasks and aids in understanding the data structure and correct the bias within a dataset. The CD-HIT package has CD-HIT, CD-HIT-2D, CD-HIT-EST, CD-HIT-EST-2D, CD-HIT-454, CD-HIT-PARA, PSI-CD-HIT, CD-HIT-OTU and over a dozen scripts. * CD-HIT (CD-HIT-EST) clusters similar proteins (DNAs) into clusters that meet a user-defined similarity threshold. * CD-HIT-2D (CD-HIT-EST-2D) compares 2 datasets and identifies the sequences in db2 that are similar to db1 above a threshold. * CD-HIT-454 identifies natural and artificial duplicates from pyrosequencing reads. * CD-HIT-OTU cluster rRNA tags into OTUs The usage of other programs and scripts can be found in CD-HIT user''s guide. CD-HIT was originally developed by Dr. Weizhong Li at Dr. Adam Godzik''s Lab at the Burnham Institute (now Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute).
View all literature mentionsSoftware analysis package for molecular biology community. Automatically copes with data in variety of formats and allows transparent retrieval of sequence data from web. Libraries are provided with package. Provides toolkit for creating bioinformatics applications or workflows. Provides set of sequence analysis programs. Provided programs cover areas such as sequence alignment, rapid database searching with sequence patterns, protein motif identification, nucleotide sequence pattern analysis, codon usage analysis for small genomes, rapid identification of sequence patterns in large scale sequence sets, and presentation tools for publication.
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