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Many heritable mutualisms, in which beneficial symbionts are transmitted vertically between host generations, originate as antagonisms with parasite dispersal constrained by the host. Only after the parasite gains control over its transmission is the symbiosis expected to transition from antagonism to mutualism. Here, we explore this prediction in the mutualism between the fungus Rhizopus microsporus (Rm, Mucoromycotina) and a beta-proteobacterium Burkholderia, which controls host asexual reproduction. We show that reproductive addiction of Rm to endobacteria extends to mating, and is mediated by the symbiont gaining transcriptional control of the fungal ras2 gene, which encodes a GTPase central to fungal reproductive development. We also discover candidate G-protein-coupled receptors for the perception of trisporic acids, mating pheromones unique to Mucoromycotina. Our results demonstrate that regulating host asexual proliferation and modifying its sexual reproduction are sufficient for the symbiont's control of its own transmission, needed for antagonism-to-mutualism transition in heritable symbioses. These properties establish the Rm-Burkholderia symbiosis as a powerful system for identifying reproductive genes in Mucoromycotina.
Pubmed ID: 29184190
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View all literature mentionsFungal genomics database and interactive analytical tools that integrates all fungal genomes for diverse fungi that are important for energy and environment, the focus of the JGI Fungal program. It integrates genomics data from the DOE JGI and its users and promotes user community participation in data submission, annotation and analysis. Over 100 newly sequenced and annotated fungal genomes from JGI and elsewhere are available to the public through MycoCosm, and new annotated genomes are being added to this resource upon completion of annotation. MycoCosm offers web-based genome analysis tools for fungal biologists to ''navigate'' through sequenced genomes and explore them in the context of ''genome-centric'' and ''comparative views''.
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