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The effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations (10-3 M and 10-5 M) was investigated on the production of secondary metabolites (flavonoids), chalcone synthase (CHS) activity, antioxidant activity and anticancer activity (against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) in two varieties of Malaysian ginger, namely Halia Bentong and Halia Bara. The results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that application of SA induced the synthesis of anthocyanin and fisetin in both varieties. Anthocyanin and fisetin were not detected in the control plants. Accordingly, the concentrations of some flavonoids (rutin and apigenin) decreased significantly in plants treated with different concentrations of SA. The present study showed that SA enhanced the chalcone synthase (CHS) enzyme activity (involving flavonoid synthesis) and recorded the highest activity value of 5.77 nkat /mg protein in Halia Bara with the 10-5 M SA treatment. As the SA concentration was decreased from 10-3 M to 10-5 M, the free radical scavenging power (FRAP) increased about 23% in Halia Bentong and 10.6% in Halia Bara. At a concentration of 350 μg mL-1, the DPPH antioxidant activity recorded the highest value of 58.30%-72.90% with the 10-5 M SA treatment followed by the 10-3 M SA (52.14%-63.66%) treatment. The lowest value was recorded in the untreated control plants (42.5%-46.7%). These results indicate that SA can act not only as an inducer but also as an inhibitor of secondary metabolites. Meanwhile, the highest anticancer activity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines was observed for H. Bara extracts treated with 10-5 M SA with values of 61.53 and 59.88%, respectively. The results suggest that the high anticancer activity in these varieties may be related to the high concentration of potent anticancer components including fisetin and anthocyanin. The results thus indicate that the synthesis of flavonoids in ginger can be increased by foliar application of SA in a controlled environment and that the anticancer activity in young ginger extracts could be improved.
Pubmed ID: 23203096
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his table shows the metadata and links to sources of the data and citations associated with the publicly available metagenome sequences used in the Dinsdale, Edwards, et al., analysis of 87 different metagenomes. The links will take you to the annotated sequences in the metagenomics SEED, CAMERA, and the NCBI Short Read Archve. Please note that all metagenomes are currently available to download via the ftp links, some are available in the meta-RAST, and other links will be added as soon as they become available. Citations for individual metagenomes will also be added as and when they become available. DNA sequences for all metagenomes are avaialble via anonymous FTP. Sponsor. This project was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Marine Microbial Initiative, National Science Foundation grants (F.R. and D.L.V.), a Department of Commerce ATP grant (F.R.), a National Research Initiative Competitive Grant from the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (B.W.), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Health and Human Services (R.S.).
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View all literature mentionsCell line MDA-MB-231 is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)
View all literature mentionsCell line MCF-7 is a Cancer cell line with a species of origin Homo sapiens (Human)
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