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Colletotrichum species are fungal pathogens that devastate crop plants worldwide. Host infection involves the differentiation of specialized cell types that are associated with penetration, growth inside living host cells (biotrophy) and tissue destruction (necrotrophy). We report here genome and transcriptome analyses of Colletotrichum higginsianum infecting Arabidopsis thaliana and Colletotrichum graminicola infecting maize. Comparative genomics showed that both fungi have large sets of pathogenicity-related genes, but families of genes encoding secreted effectors, pectin-degrading enzymes, secondary metabolism enzymes, transporters and peptidases are expanded in C. higginsianum. Genome-wide expression profiling revealed that these genes are transcribed in successive waves that are linked to pathogenic transitions: effectors and secondary metabolism enzymes are induced before penetration and during biotrophy, whereas most hydrolases and transporters are upregulated later, at the switch to necrotrophy. Our findings show that preinvasion perception of plant-derived signals substantially reprograms fungal gene expression and indicate previously unknown functions for particular fungal cell types.
Pubmed ID: 22885923
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Database of annotations of functional units in proteins including multiple sequence alignment models for ancient domains and full-length proteins. This collection of models includes 3D structures that display the sequence/structure/function relationships in proteins. It also includes alignments of the domains to known three-dimensional protein structures in the MMDB database. The source databases are Pfam, Smart, and COG. Users can identify amino acids in protein sequences with the resources available as well as view single sequences embedded within multiple sequence alignments.
View all literature mentionsCurated, relational database containing sequence, classification, structural, functional and evolutionary information about transport systems from variety of living organisms based on IUBMB-approved transporter classification (TC) system. Descriptions, TC numbers, and examples of over 600 families of transport proteins are provided. TC system is analogous to Enzyme Commission (EC) system for classification of enzymes, except that it incorporates both functional and phylogenetic information. TCDB users may submit their own sequenced proteins and descriptions for inclusion into database. The software tools used are all freely available for download. These programs are used for analysis of Protein and DNA sequences. Programs require UNIX server to run.
View all literature mentionsA curated database that provides comprehensive integrated biological information for Saccharomyces cerevisiae along with search and analysis tools to explore these data. SGD allows researchers to discover functional relationships between sequence and gene products in fungi and higher organisms. The SGD also maintains the S. cerevisiae Gene Name Registry, a complete list of all gene names used in S. cerevisiae which includes a set of general guidelines to gene naming. Protein Page provides basic protein information calculated from the predicted sequence and contains links to a variety of secondary structure and tertiary structure resources. Yeast Biochemical Pathways allows users to view and search for biochemical reactions and pathways that occur in S. cerevisiae as well as map expression data onto the biochemical pathways. Literature citations are provided where available.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package for functional analysis of sequences by classifying them into families and predicting presence of domains and sites. Scans sequences against InterPro's signatures. Characterizes nucleotide or protein function by matching it with models from several different databases. Used in large scale analysis of whole proteomes, genomes and metagenomes. Available as Web based version and standalone Perl version and SOAP Web Service.
View all literature mentionsA sequence analysis tool providing a simple but detailed analysis of human genes and their variations. For each gene, a gene-gene relationship network can be generated based on protein-protein interaction data, metabolic pathway connections and extended through phylogenetic relations. Snap provides tools for designing sequence primers and evaluating RNA splicing effects of single SNPs - known from the databases or defined by you. Primers can be designed for the amplification or sequencing of cDNA, genomic DNA, introns only or exons only.
View all literature mentionsSoftware for gene prediction in eukaryotic genomic sequences. Serves as a basis for further steps in the analysis of sequenced and assembled eukaryotic genomes.
View all literature mentionsSoftware package for sequence alignment, assembly and analysis. Integrated and extendable desktop software platform for organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics software platform packed with molecular biology and sequence analysis tools.
View all literature mentionsA high-performance visualization tool for interactive exploration of large, integrated genomic datasets.
View all literature mentionsTool to search translated nucleotide databases using a protein query.
View all literature mentionsA generic alignment format for storing read alignments against reference sequences, supporting short and long reads (up to 128 Mbp) produced by different sequencing platforms.
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool that screens DNA sequences for interspersed repeats and low complexity DNA sequences. The output of the program is a detailed annotation of the repeats that are present in the query sequence as well as a modified version of the query sequence in which all the annotated repeats have been masked (default: replaced by Ns). Currently over 56% of human genomic sequence is identified and masked by the program. Sequence comparisons in RepeatMasker are performed by one of several popular search engines including nhmmer, cross_match, ABBlast/WUBlast, RMBlast and Decypher. RepeatMasker makes use of curated libraries of repeats and currently supports Dfam ( profile HMM library ) and RepBase ( consensus sequence library ).
View all literature mentionsSoftware tool for automated eukaryotic gene structure annotation that reports eukaryotic gene structures as weighted consensus of all available evidence. Used to combine ab intio gene predictions and protein and transcript alignments into weighted consensus gene structures. Inputs include genome sequence, gene predictions, and alignment data (in GFF3 format).
View all literature mentionsSoftware package as system for rapidly aligning entire genomes. Alignment tool for DNA and protein sequences. Can align incomplete genomes.
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