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The identification of homologies, whether morphological, molecular, or genetic, is fundamental to our understanding of common biological principles. Homologies bridging the great divide between deuterostomes and protostomes have served as the basis for current models of animal evolution and development. It is now appreciated that these two clades share a common developmental toolkit consisting of conserved transcription factors and signaling pathways. These patterning genes sometimes show common expression patterns and genetic interactions, suggesting the existence of similar or even conserved regulatory apparatus. However, previous studies have found no regulatory sequence conserved between deuterostomes and protostomes. Here we describe the first such enhancers, which we call bilaterian conserved regulatory elements (Bicores). Bicores show conservation of sequence and gene synteny. Sequence conservation of Bicores reflects conserved patterns of transcription factor binding sites. We predict that Bicores act as response elements to signaling pathways, and we show that Bicores are developmental enhancers that drive expression of transcriptional repressors in the vertebrate central nervous system. Although the small number of identified Bicores suggests extensive rewiring of cis-regulation between the protostome and deuterostome clades, additional Bicores may be revealed as our understanding of cis-regulatory logic and sample of bilaterian genomes continue to grow.
Pubmed ID: 22876195
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Model organism database that serves as central repository and web-based resource for zebrafish genetic, genomic, phenotypic and developmental data. Data represented are derived from three primary sources: curation of zebrafish publications, individual research laboratories and collaborations with bioinformatics organizations. Data formats include text, images and graphical representations.Serves as primary community database resource for laboratory use of zebrafish. Developed and supports integrated zebrafish genetic, genomic, developmental and physiological information and link this information extensively to corresponding data in other model organism and human databases.
View all literature mentionsResource for experimentally validated human and mouse noncoding fragments with gene enhancer activity as assessed in transgenic mice. Most of these noncoding elements were selected for testing based on their extreme conservation in other vertebrates or epigenomic evidence (ChIP-Seq) of putative enhancer marks. Central public database of experimentally validated human and mouse noncoding fragments with gene enhancer activity as assessed in transgenic mice. Users can retrieve elements near single genes of interest, search for enhancers that target reporter gene expression to particular tissue, or download entire collections of enhancers with defined tissue specificity or conservation depth.
View all literature mentionsCentral online repository for microRNA nomenclature, sequence data, annotation and target prediction.Collection of published miRNA sequences and annotation.
View all literature mentionsCentral repository for high quality frequently updated manual annotation of vertebrate finished genome sequence. Human, mouse and zebrafish are in the process of being completely annotated, whereas for other species the annotation is only of specific genomic regions of particular biological interest. The majority of the annotation is from the HAVANA group at the Welcome Trust Sanger Institute. Users can BLAST, search for specific text, export, and download data. Genomes and details of the projects for each species are available through the homepages for human mouse and zebrafish. The website is built upon code from the EnsEMBL (http://www.ensembl.org) project. Some Ensembl features are not available in Vega. From the users point of view perhaps the most significant of these is MartView. However due to their inclusion in Ensembl, Vega human and mouse data can be queried using Ensembl MartView. Vega contains annotation of the human MHC region in eight haplotypes, and the LRC region in three haplotypes. Vega also contains annotation on the Insulin Dependent Diabetes (IDD) regions on non-reference assemblies for mouse.
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