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The first line of defense by bacteria against β-lactam antibiotics is the expression of β-lactamases, which cleave the amide bond of the β-lactam ring. In the reaction of biapenem inactivation by B2 metallo β-lactamases (MβLs), after the β-lactam ring is opened, the carboxyl group generated by the hydrolytic process and the hydroxyethyl group (common to all carbapenems) rotate around the C5-C6 bond, assuming a new position that allows a proton transfer from the hydroxyethyl group to C2, and a nucleophilic attack on C3 by the oxygen atom of the same side-chain. This process leads to the formation of a bicyclic compound, as originally observed in the X-ray structure of the metallo β-lactamase CphA in complex with product.
Pubmed ID: 22272276
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Software application for simulation and analysis of biochemical network models and their dynamics. COPASI supports models in the SBML standard and can simulate their behavior using ODEs or Gillespies stochastic simulation algorithm. Arbitrary discrete events can be included in such simulations. Models in COPASI are based on reactions that convert a set of species into another set of species. Simulation can be performed either with stochastic kinetics or with differential equations. COPASI also includes various methods of analysis and data visualization.
View all literature mentionsSoftware designed to perform high-speed molecular dynamic simulations of biological systems on conventional commodity clusters, supercomputers and GPUs. This code uses novel parallel algorithms and numerical techniques to achieve high performance and accuracy on platforms with a large number of processors. It can be used with a single computer.
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