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Integrating hippocampal anatomy from neuronal dendrites to whole system may help elucidate its relation to function. Toward this aim, we digitally traced the cytoarchitectonic boundaries of the dentate gyrus (DG) and areas CA3/CA1 throughout their entire longitudinal extent from high-resolution images of thin cryostatic sections of adult rat brain. The 3D computational reconstruction identified all isotropic 16 μm voxels with appropriate subregions and layers (http://krasnow1.gmu.edu/cn3/hippocampus3d). Overall, DG, CA3, and CA1 occupied comparable volumes (15.3, 12.2, and 18.8 mm(3), respectively), but displayed substantial rostrocaudal volumetric gradients: CA1 made up more than half of the posterior hippocampus, whereas CA3 and DG were more prominent in the anterior regions. The CA3/CA1 ratio increased from ∼0.4 to ∼1 septo-temporally because of a specific change in stratum radiatum volume. Next we virtually embedded 1.8 million neuronal morphologies stochastically resampled from 244 digital reconstructions, emulating the dense packing of granular and pyramidal layers, and appropriately orienting the principal dendritic axes relative to local curvature. The resulting neuropil occupancy reproduced recent electron microscopy data measured in a restricted location. Extension of this analysis across each layer and subregion over the whole hippocampus revealed highly non-homogeneous dendritic density. In CA1, dendritic occupancy was >60% higher temporally than septally (0.46 vs. 0.28, s.e.m. ∼0.05). CA3 values varied both across subfields (from 0.35 in CA3b/CA3c to 0.50 in CA3a) and layers (0.48, 0.34, and 0.27 in oriens, radiatum, and lacunosum-moleculare, respectively). Dendritic occupancy was substantially lower in DG, especially in the supra-pyramidal blade (0.18). The computed probability of dendrodendritic collision significantly correlated with expression of the membrane repulsion signal Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM). These heterogeneous stereological properties reflect and complement the non-uniform molecular composition, circuit connectivity, and computational function of the hippocampus across its transverse, longitudinal, and laminar organization.
Pubmed ID: 22245503
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Centrally curated inventory of digitally reconstructed neurons associated with peer-reviewed publications that contains some of the most complete axonal arborizations digitally available in the community. Each neuron is represented by a unique identifier, general information (metadata), the original and standardized ASCII files of the digital morphological reconstruction, and a set of morphometric features. It contains contributions from over 100 laboratories worldwide and is continuously updated as new morphological reconstructions are collected, published, and shared. Users may browse by species, brain region, cell type or lab name. Users can also download morphological reconstructions for research and analysis. Deposition and distribution of reconstruction files ultimately prevents data loss. Centralized curation and annotation aims at minimizing the effort required by data owners while ensuring a unified format. It also provides a one-stop entry point for all available reconstructions, thus maximizing data visibility and impact.
View all literature mentionsA Windows (Win32) software application for montaging, aligning, tracing, measuring, and reconstructing objects from serial microscopic section images. The software is designed for microscopy in which section resolution is much less than section thickness, such as transmitted electron microscopy (EM) where the resolution is a few nanometers while the section thickness is many tens of nanometers. Reconstruct can easily handle series with hundreds of very large, high-resolution section images. It facilitates image cropping, scaling and alignment. Multiple images can be placed side-by-side to make a montage of a section from a mosaic of images. The alignment of adjacent sections can be rapidly compared by either blending the two sections or by flickering between them. Sections can be moved while blended. Reconstruct aids in the calibration of image size. Images taken at different magnifications can be combined, calibrated and aligned. Tools for tracing and editing of objects on sections are provided. Objects can be surfaced from the traces and previewed in an OpenGL-based 3D scene window. The 3D scene can be saved as a bitmap or as a VRML file.
View all literature mentionsAllen Mouse Brain Atlas includes full color, high resolution anatomic reference atlas accompanied by systematic, hierarchically organized taxonomy of mouse brain structures. Enables interactive online exploration of atlas and to provide deeper level of 3D annotation for informatics analysis and viewing in Brain Explorer 3D viewer.
View all literature mentionsData files for a high resolution three dimensional (3D) structure of the rat hippocampus reconstructed from histological sections. The data files (supplementary data for Ropireddy et al., Neurosci., 2012 Mar 15;205:91-111) are being shared on the Windows Live cloud space provided by Microsoft. Downloadable data files include the Nissl histological images, the hippocampus layer tracings that can be visualized alone or superimposed to the corresponding Nissl images, the voxel database coordinates, and the surface rendering VRML files. * Hippocampus Nissl Images: The high resolution histological Nissl images obtained at 16 micrometer inter-slice distance for the Long-Evans rat hippocampus can be downloaded or directly viewed in a browser. This dataset consists of 230 jpeg images that cover the hippocampus from rostral to caudal poles. This image dataset is uploaded in seven parts as rar files. * Hippocampus Layer Tracings: The seven hippocampus layers ''ML, ''GC'', ''HILUS'' in DG and ''LM'', ''RAD'', ''PC'', ''OR'' in CA were segmented (traced) using the Reconstruct tool which can be downloaded from Synapse web. This tool outputs all the tracings for each image in XML format. The XML tracing files for all these seven layers for each of the above Nissl images are zipped into one file and can be downloaded. * Hippocampus VoxelDB: The 3D hippocampus reconstructed is volumetrically transformed into 16 micrometer sized voxels for all the seven layers. Each voxel is reported according to multiple coordinate systems, namely in Cartesian, along the natural hippocampal dimensions, and in reference to the canonical brain planes. The voxel database file is created in ascii format. The single voxel database file was split into three rar archive files. Please note that the three rar archive files should be downloaded and decompressed in a single directory in order to obtain the single voxel data file (Hippocampus-VoxelDB.txt). * 3D Surface Renderings: This is a rar archive file with a single VRML file containing the surface rendering of DG and CA layers. This VRML file can be opened and visualized in any VRML viewer, e.g. the open source software view3dscene. * 3D Hippocampus Movie: This movie contains visualization of the 3D surface renderings of CA (blue) and DG (red) inner and outer boundaries; neuronal embeddings of DG granule and CA pyramidal dendritic arbors; potential synapses between CA3b interneuron axon and pyramidal dendrite, and between CA2 pyramidal axon and CA pyramidal dendrites.
View all literature mentionsA provider for commercial products for analyzing neuronal morphology, stereology, etc.
View all literature mentionsTHIS RESOURCE IS NO LONGER IN SERVICE, documented May 26, 2016. An open source, downloadable, 3d atlas of the mouse brain and its cellular constituents that allows multi-scale data to be visualized in a seamless way, similar to Google earth. Data within the Catalog is marked up with annotations and can link out to additional data sources via a semantic framework. This next generation open environment has been developed to connect members of the neuroscience community to facilitate solutions for today's intractable challenges in brain research through cooperation and crowd sourcing. The client-server platform provides rich 3-D views for researchers to zoom in, out, and around structures deep in a multi-scale spatial framework of the mouse brain. An open-source, 3-D graphics engine used in graphics-intensive computer gaming generates high-resolution visualizations that bring data to life through biological simulations and animations. Within the Catalog, researchers can view and contribute a wide range of data including: * 3D meshes of subcellular scenes or brain region territories * Large 2D image datasets from both electron and light level microscopy * NeuroML and Neurolucida neuronal reconstructions * Protein Database molecular structures Users of the Whole Brain Catalog can: * Fit data of any scale into the international standard atlas coordinate system for spatial brain mapping, the Waxholm Space. * View brain slices, neurons and their animation, neuropil reconstructions, and molecules in appropriate locations * View data up close and at a high resolution * View their own data in the Whole Brain Catalog environment * View data within a semantic environment supported by vocabularies from the Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF) at http://www.neuinfo.org. * Contribute code and connect personal tools to the environment * Make new connections with related research and researchers 5 Easy Ways to Explore: * Explore the datasets across multiple scales. * View data closely at high resolution. * Observe accurately simulated neurons. * Readily search for content. * Contribute your own research.
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