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Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7) and 9, innate immune sensors for microbial RNA or DNA, have been implicated in autoimmunity. Upon activation, TLR7 and 9 are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to endolysosomes for nucleic acid sensing by an ER-resident protein, Unc93B1. Little is known, however, about a role for sensor transportation in controlling autoimmunity. TLR9 competes with TLR7 for Unc93B1-dependent trafficking and predominates over TLR7. TLR9 skewing is actively maintained by Unc93B1 and reversed to TLR7 if Unc93B1 loses preferential binding via a D34A mutation. We here demonstrate that mice harboring a D34A mutation showed TLR7-dependent, systemic lethal inflammation. CD4(+) T cells showed marked differentiation toward T helper 1 (Th1) or Th17 cell subsets. B cell depletion abolished T cell differentiation and systemic inflammation. Thus, Unc93B1 controls homeostatic TLR7 activation by balancing TLR9 to TLR7 trafficking.
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes DNA containing CpG motifs derived from bacteria and viruses and activates the innate immune response to eliminate them. TLR9 is known to bind to CpG DNA, and here, we identified another DNA binding site in TLR9 that binds DNA containing cytosine at the second position from the 5' end (5'-xCx DNA). 5'-xCx DNAs bound to TLR9 in the presence of CpG DNA and cooperatively promoted dimerization and activation of TLR9. Binding at both sites was important for efficient activation of TLR9. The 5'-xCx DNA bound the site corresponding to the nucleoside binding site in TLR7 and TLR8 as revealed by the structural analysis. This study revealed that TLR9 recognizes two types of DNA through its two binding sites for efficient activation. This information may contribute to the development of drugs that control the activity of TLR9.
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