The ability of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to modulate γ-aminobutyrate (GABA)-activated currents via Ca2+-activated Cl- channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG), was examined in the present study. During the preparation of DRG neurons harvested from Sprague-Dawley rats, the whole-cell recording technique was used to record the effect of NSAIDs on GABA-activated inward currents, and the expression levels of the TMEM16A and TMEM16B subunits were revealed. In the event that DRG neurons were pre-incubated for 20 sec with niflumic acid (NFA) and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) prior to the administration of GABA, the GABA-induced inward currents were diminished markedly in the majority of neurons examined (96.3%). The inward currents induced by 100 µmol/l GABA were attenuated by (0±0.09%; neurons = 4), (5.32±3.51%; neurons = 6), (21.3±4.00%; neurons = 5), (33.8±5.20%; neurons = 17), (52.2±5.10%; neurons = 4) and (61.1±4.12%; neurons = 12) by 0.1, 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 µmol/l NFA, respectively. The inward currents induced by 100 µmol/l GABA were attenuated by (13.8±6%; neurons = 6), (23.2±14.7%; neurons = 6) and (29.7±9.1%; neurons = 9) by 3, 10 and 30 µmol/l NPPB, respectively. NFA and NPPB dose-dependently inhibited GABA-activated currents with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 6.7 and 11 µmol/l, respectively. The inhibitory effect of 100 µmol/l NFA on the GABA-evoked inward current were also strongly inhibited by nitrendipine (NTDP; an L-type calcium channel blocker), 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis (a highly selective calcium chelating reagent), caffeine (a widely available Ca2+ consuming drug) and calcium-free extracellular fluid, in a concentration-dependent manner. Immunofluorescent staining indicated that TMEM16A and TMEM16B expression was widely distributed in DRG neurons. The results suggest that NSAIDs may be able to regulate Ca2+-activated chloride channels to reduce GABAA receptor-mediated inward currents in DRGs.

A bone defect resulting from open bone trauma may easily become infected; however, the administration of efficacious systemic antibiotics cannot be performed at safe levels. Previous studies have investigated anti-infective biomaterials that incorporate into bone and facilitate the direct application of high-concentration local antibiotics. In the present study, the effect of a novel porous composite with gentamicin sulfate (GS) in treating infected femoral condyle defects was investigated using a rat model. A novel porous composite biomaterial was prepared based on a supercritical carbon dioxide fluid technique that combined GS, demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and polylactic acid (PLA). A rat femoral condyle fracture model of infection was established. The GS/DBM/PLA composite biomaterial was implanted and its physicochemical characteristics, biocompatibility and ability to facilitate repair of infected bone defect were assessed. The GS/DBM/PLA composite biomaterial maintained the antibiotic activity of GS, with good anti-compression strength, porosity and biocompatibility. The results of the animal experiments indicated that the GS/DBM/PLA composite biomaterial exerted marked anti-infective effects and facilitated bone defect repair, while simultaneously controlling infection. Porous GS/DBM/PLA is therefore a promising composite biomaterial for use in bone tissue engineering.

The aim of present study was to evaluate the potential effects of Rhodiola crenulata oral liquid (RCOL) on exhaustive exercise (EE)-induced fatigue in mice. Male Institute of Cancer Research mice from five treatment groups (n=10 per group) were orally administered with sterilized water for the Control and EE groups and/or RCOL at doses of 1.02, 3.03 and 6.06 ml/kg/day, once daily for 2 weeks. Anti-fatigue activity was subsequently evaluated by measuring the levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactic acid (LA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total anti-oxidative capability (T-AOC). Histopathology was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Ultrastructures of mitochondria were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Energy supply capacity was assessed using citrate synthase (CS), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Na+-K+-ATPase, and liver and quadriceps glycogen content assays. Expression levels of mRNA and protein associated with mitophagy in the skeletal muscle were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. RCOL was observed to markedly inhibit fatigue-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activities of SOD, CAT and T-AOC, whilst reducing the accumulation of LA, CK, LDH and MDA. Histological analysis of the quadriceps femoris tissue suggested increased numbers of muscle fibers in the RCOL groups compared with those in the EE group. RCOL administration was found to reverse EE-induced mitochondrial structural damage and alleviated defects inflicted onto the energy supply mechanism by increasing CS, SDH, Na+-K+-ATPase and glycogen levels. Additionally, RCOL reduced the protein expression of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3, sequestosome 1 and ubiquitin, whilst lowering the gene expression of PINK1 and Parkin. Taken together, results from the present study clarified the anti-fatigue effect of RCOL, where the underlying mechanism may be associated with increased antioxidant activity, enhanced energy production and the inhibition of mitophagy by suppressing the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway.

Angiogenesis is vital in tissue engineering and the size of the capillary lumen diameter directly affects vascular function. Therefore, the involvement of the pH in the regulation of the capillary lumen diameter was investigated in the present study. The cytosolic pH of different pH medium groups was measured using flow cytometry. Bromodeoxyuridine staining and wound-healing assays were performed to detect cell proliferation and migration, respectively. The expression of angiogenesis-related genes was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. In addition, cell tube formation under different pH conditions was assessed using a tube formation assay and a 3D Matrigel® model. The results indicated that a change in the pH value of the culture medium affected the cytosolic pH of the endothelial cells, which then led to a change in vascular diameter. When the medium's pH ranged from 7.4 to 7.6, the diameter of the lumen formed in the Matrigel was suitable for capillary formation in tissue engineering. The present results revealed an important role for the pH in the process of capillary formation and provided insight for pH regulation during endothelial cell tube formation and angiogenesis in tissue engineering.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of microRNA (miR)-144-5p on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to explore the role of miR-144-5p in atherosclerosis. miR-144-5p expression was upregulated in HUVECs using miR-144-5p mimics. The relative expression level of miR-144-5p in HUVECs was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Cell proliferation was detected by performing an MTT assay. Apoptosis was determined via flow cytometry. Cell migration ability was detected by a wound-healing assay. Cell invasion was determined by a transwell assay. The protein levels of phosphorylated (p)-PI3K, p-Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were detected using western blot analysis. The binding sites between miR-144-5p and 3'-untranslated region of rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (RICTOR) mRNA were predicted by TargetScan and confirmed by a dual luciferase reporter assay. The present study showed that miR-144-5p mimics significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HUVECs. In addition, miR-144-5p mimics could suppress migration and invasion of HUVECs. Further analysis identified that RICTOR was a direct target gene of miR-144-5p. Moreover, miR-144-5p upregulation decreased the protein level of p-PI3K, p-Akt and eNOS. In conclusion, miR-144-5p regulated HUVEC proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis through affecting the PI3K-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway by altering the expression of RICTOR. These results indicated that miR-144-5p may be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.

Obesity and dyslipidemia are two metabolic syndrome disorders that have serious effects on the health of patients. Purinergic 2X receptor ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7R) has been reported to play a role in regulating lipid storage and metabolism. However, the role and potential mechanism of P2X7R in adipogenesis and lipid degradation remain unknown. In the present study, a mouse model of obesity was established by feeding mice a high-fat diet, and the 3T3-L1 cell line was used to analyze the function of P2X7R in vitro. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were performed to detect the expression levels of P2X7R, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and other associated transcription factors. Bioinformatics analysis was used to predict the potential target gene of P2X7R and a dual luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm this prediction. Oil Red O staining was used to evaluate the adipogenic capacity of preadipocytes. AdipoRed assay, cholesterol assay and a free glycerol reagent were used to measure the expression levels of triglyceride (TGs), total cholesterol (TC) and glycerin, respectively. The results indicated that P2X7R was highly expressed in obese mice and that it was involved in adipogenic differentiation in vitro. SREBP1 enhanced the transcription activities of P2X7R to promote its expression. Inhibition of P2X7R significantly reduced the adipogenic capacity of preadipocytes, decreased the expression levels of adipogenesis-associated transcription factors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α and fatty-acid-binding protein 4), enhanced the expression levels of lipolytic enzymes (adipose triglyceride lipase, phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase and monoacylglycerol lipase) and regulated the expression of TG, TC and glycerin in mature 3T3-L1 cells. These effects were reversed by a small interfering RNA targeting Wnt3a. Therefore, the results suggested that P2X7R, the transcription activities of which were regulated by SREBP1, regulated adipogenesis and lipid degradation by targeting SREBP1, indicating its potential effects on obesity-associated metabolism.

Previous studies have indicated that microRNA (miR)-210-3p is upregulated in NSCLC, however, the specific mechanism underlying the role of miR-210-3p in NSCLC pathogenesis requires further investigation. The aim of the present study was to explore the roles of miR-210-3p in NSCLC and the associated mechanisms. A total of 30 NSCLC tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues were collected for study. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to compare the expression of miR-210-3p in the 30 paired cancerous and adjacent normal tissues. Additionally, the expression of miR-210-3p in different NSCLC lines and normal human lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B were also compared. Furthermore, A549 and H1299 NSCLC cells were cultured and transfected with miR-210-3p inhibitors, and MTT and propidium iodide/annexin V assays were performed to investigate the effects of miR-210-3p inhibition on the proliferation and apoptosis of the cells. RT-qPCR and western blot analyses were also performed to determine the effects of miR-210-3p on the expression levels of SIN3A, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Caspase-3. Finally, a reverse experiment was conducted by transfecting A549 cells with miR-210-3p inhibitor and SIN3A small interfering (si)RNA, and a dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to confirm that SIN3A is a direct target of miR-210-3p. It was observed that miR-210-3p was significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with the levels in the adjacent normal tissues, and that the expression of miR-210-3p in patients with NSCLC was negatively correlated with the expression of SIN3A in NSCLC tissue. miR-210-3p was also significantly upregulated in different NSCLC cell lines compared with the levels in BEAS-2B cells. The transient downregulation of miR-210-3p in A549 cells led to a significant suppression of cell proliferation and markedly increased cell apoptosis, as well as increased the expression of SIN3A and Caspase-3 and decreased the expression of Bcl-2. On the other hand, co-transfection of miR-210-3p inhibitor and SIN3A siRNA partially blocked miR-210-3p inhibitor-induced pro-apoptotic effects. The results of the dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that SIN3A is a direct target of miR-210-3p. Collectively, these findings indicate that can regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of NSCLC cells by targeting SIN3A. These results suggest that miR-210-3p has the potential to become a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC.

Apocynum venetum is a traditional medicine that is rich in polyphenols. Apocynum venetum polyphenol extract (AVP) contains the active substances neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, astragaloside and rosmarinic acid. In the present study, the preventive effect of AVP against D-galactose-induced oxidative stress was studied in a mouse model. The sera, skin, livers and spleens of mice were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. The biochemical results showed that AVP improved the thymus, brain, heart, liver, spleen and kidney indices in a mouse model of oxidative stress. AVP was also able to reverse the reduction in levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and glutathione, and increased the levels of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde identified in the serum, liver, spleen and brain of mice exposed to oxidative stress. Pathological observations confirmed that AVP could inhibit oxidative damage to the skin, liver and spleen of mice caused by D-galactose. Further molecular biological experiments also demonstrated that AVP increased the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, catalase, heme oxygenase-1, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 and reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the liver and spleen of treated mice compared to controls. Notably, the preventive effect of AVP against D-galactose-induced oxidative damage in mice was better than that of the confirmed antioxidant vitamin C. In conclusion, AVP exhibited an antioxidant effect and the AVP-rich Apocynum venetum may be considered a plant resource with potential antioxidative benefits.

Discs large-associated protein 5 (DLGAP5) is a microtubule-associated protein and is reported to exert oncogenic role in tumorigenesis, including lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the prognostic value and biological function of DLGAP5 in ovarian cancer (OC) still remain unclear. The present study investigated the expression pattern of DLGAP5 by searching the Oncomine microarray database. The correlation between DLGAP5 and survival prognosis of OC patients was analyzed by the online tool KM-plotter. Knockdown of DLGAP5 was achieved by transfection with small interfering RNA targeting DLGAP5 in two OC cell lines (SKOV3 and CAOV3). Cell proliferation was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and colony-formation assay. Flow cytometry was utilized to determine the effects of DLGAP5 on cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. The present study data showed that DLGAP5 was significantly upregulated in OC and its higher expression was associated with poor survival prognosis. Knockdown of DLGAP5 significantly suppressed cell proliferation, induced cell cycle G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis. Western blot analysis further demonstrated that DLGAP5 knockdown downregulated the expression of CDK1, Cyclin B1 and Bcl-2, but upregulated Bax expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that DLGAP5 might be a promising prognostic therapeutic target for OC treatment.

The aim of the present study was to explore the infection route of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and assess the effectiveness of a combined nursing strategy to prevent VAP in intensive care units. Bacteria from the gastric juice and drainage from the hypolarynx and lower respiratory tracts of patients with VAP were analyzed using genome macrorestriction-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (GM-PFGE). A total of 124 patients with tracheal intubation were placed in the intervention group and were treated with a combined nursing strategy, comprising mosapride (gastric motility stimulant) administration and semi-reclining positioning. A total of 112 intubated patients were placed in the control group and received routine nursing care. The incidence rate of VAP, days of ventilation and mortality rate of patients were compared between the two groups. The GM-PFGE fingerprinting results of three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the gastric juice, subglottic secretion drainage and drainage of the lower respiratory tract in patients with VAP were similar across groups. The number of days spent on a ventilator by patients in the intervention group (7.37±5.32 days) was lower compared with that by patients in the control group (12.34±4.98 days) (P<0.05). The incidence rate of VAP was reduced from 40.81 to 21.25% following intervention with the combined nursing strategy (P<0.05); furthermore, the mortality rate of intubated patients in the intervention group was 29.46%, a significant reduction compared with the 41.94% mortality rate observed in the control group (P<0.05). Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) was confirmed as one of the infection routes for VAP. The combined nursing strategy of gastric motility stimulant administration and the adoption of a semi-reclining position was effective in preventing VAP by reducing the occurrence of GER.

The association of functional polymorphisms in the promoter of the apoptosis gene FAS with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility has been a controversial subject. We conducted a case-control study to investigate this association in a Chinese population and performed a meta-analysis in different populations. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2234767 (-1377G>A) and rs1800682 (-670A>G) were genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination assays in 552 Chinese SLE patients and 718 healthy controls. In our case-control study, we observed allelic association between the promoter SNP rs2234767 [P=0.033, odds ratio (OR)=0.836, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.709-0.986] and SLE but not the SNP rs1800682. Haplotype analysis revealed that one haplotype of GA was significantly associated with the disease (P=0.039, OR=1.184, 95% CI, 1.009-1.391). In the meta-analysis available studies, including our data, were combined using the STATA software package v.7.0. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between FAS polymorphisms and SLE (rs2234767 A vs. G allele; P=0.004, OR=0.819, 95% CI, 0.715-0.938, rs1800682 G vs. A allele: P=0.034, OR=0.791, 95% CI, 0.637-0.983). In conclusion, FAS gene polymorphisms may contribute to SLE susceptibility in the Chinese population, and the meta-analysis shows that FAS polymorphisms may be associated with SLE susceptibility in different populations.

The novel orally available inhibitor of the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), BIIB021, induces the apoptosis of various types of tumor cell in vitro and in vivo. However, the effects and mechanisms of this agent on myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) cell lines remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of BIIB021 on SKM-1 cells (a MDS cell line) and examine its mechanisms of action. The results showed that BIIB021 inhibited the growth of SKM-1 cells effectively in vitro. The treatment of SKM-1 cells with BIIB021 resulted in the inhibition of cell growth through G0/G1-phase cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3, -8 and -9. Furthermore, this study also demonstrated that the mechanisms of apoptosis in SKM-1 cells were associated with the suppression of the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways. Therefore, the findings indicate a novel approach for the treatment of high-risk MDS.

Drug abuse is a public health and social problem. A number of studies have reported that drug addiction is associated with microRNAs (miRNAs). By comparing the expression of miRNAs in the serum exosomes of methamphetamine-dependent and ketamine-dependent rats, the aim of the present study was to provide insights into the miRNA-mediated associations between the two groups. Published results on conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats conditioned by methamphetamine and ketamine were replicated. The expression of miRNAs in serum exosomes were determined by gene-chip sequencing. The potential target genes of differentially expressed (DE) co-miRNAs were predicted in the methamphetamine and ketamine rats, then functional analysis of their target genes was performed. Methamphetamine and ketamine reward greatly increased the activity time and distance in the intrinsically non-preferred side of the behavioral apparatus when compared with controlled rats (P<0.01). In addition, methamphetamine upregulated the expression of 276 miRNAs and downregulated 25 miRNAs, while ketamine only downregulated the expression of 267 miRNAs. Ten DE co-miRNAs in the two model groups were identified. Functional analysis revealed that DE co-miRNAs are involved in the development of addiction at different stages, and their target genes were enriched in 'vesicular transport', 'amphetamine addiction', 'dopaminergic synapse' and 'GABAergic synapse'. Therefore, it was suggested that these co-miRNAs may have a strong association with drug addiction, and they may be involved in the different addiction processes, which partly explains methamphetamine and ketamine addiction.

Diabetic nephropathy is one of most frequent complications of diabetes, and is the major cause of end-stage disease in diabetic patients. The present study investigated the roles and mechanisms of Rhein-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Rg) protecting human mesangial cells (HMCs) from high glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis. Using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay the proliferation of HMCs was analyzed, and flow cytometry was applied to detect apoptosis. The apoptosis-associated protein Bcl-2, caspase-3 and members of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad signaling pathway were analyzed using a western blotting assay. HG significantly induced HMC apoptosis, and Rg markedly attenuated the HG-induced apoptosis. HG decreased the Bcl-2 expression and increased the caspase-3 expression, and Rg treatment recovered the expressions of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 affected by HG. The underlying mechanisms were further analyzed, and it was demonstrated that HG significantly upregulated the long intervening non-coding RNA (lincRNA) ANRIL expression level, downregulated let-7a expression and activated the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway; Rg treatment recovered the expressions of lincRNA ANRIL and let-7a, and inhibited the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in the condition of HG. In conclusion, the present results suggested that Rg attenuated HG-induced apoptosis of HMCs by regulating the lincRNA ANRIL/let-7a/TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.

Liver cancer is a highly lethal malignancy. Despite considerable efforts made in recent years, the prognosis of patients with liver cancer remains poor. Curcuma zedoaria (known as Ezhu in Chinese) is widely prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine. Germacrone (GM) is a sesquiterpene constituent derived from the essential oil of Ezhu, and exerts anti-carcinogenic effects by inducing apoptosis in various cancer cells. The present study investigated the potential mechanism of GM in HepG2 cells. Cell Counting Kit-8, colony-formation and lactate dehydrogenase-release assays, as well as cell death assays using flow cytometry, were performed to evaluate HepG2 cell proliferation following GM treatment. HepG2 cells were transfected with caspase-3 small interfering RNA and then treated with GM. Caspase-3 expression levels were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. The present study showed that GM inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells and induced the proteolytic cleavage of caspase 3, with concomitant cleavage of gasdermin E (GSDME), by markedly increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This led to caspase 3-dependent cleavage of GSDME, thereby promoting pyroptosis in HepG2 cells. However, these changes were rescued by ROS scavengers, such as N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, GM inhibited tumor growth by promoting the cleavage of caspase 3 and GSDME in HepG2 cell xenograft models. These results indicated that GM induced GSDME-dependent pyroptosis through caspase 3 activation, at least in part, by damaging the mitochondria and enhancing ROS production, thereby supporting the possible development of GM as a candidate for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer.

A critical event in cardiac fibrosis is the transformation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into myofibroblasts. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be critical regulators in the development of cardiac fibrosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of action of miRNA (miR)-26b in cardiac fibrosis have not yet been extensively studied. In the present study, the expression levels of miR-26b were downregulated in isoproterenol (ISO)-treated cardiac tissues and CFs. Moreover, miR-26b overexpression inhibited the cell viability of ISO-treated CFs and decreased the protein levels of collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase reporter assays indicated that Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) was the target of miR-26b, and that its expression levels were decreased in miR-26b-treated cells. In addition, Keap1 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-26b on ISO-induced cardiac fibrosis, as demonstrated by cell viability, and the upregulation of collagen I and α-SMA expression levels. Furthermore, inhibition of Keap1 expression led to the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which induced the transcriptional activation of antioxidant/detoxifying proteins in order to protect against cardiac fibrosis. Taken together, the data demonstrated that miR-26b attenuated ISO-induced cardiac fibrosis via the Keap-mediated activation of Nrf2.

The resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a critical feature of breast cancer recurrence and metastasis. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) serve key roles in tumor drug resistance. LncRNA-HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) has been reported to be overexpressed in certain types of cancer and may be closely associated with tumor resistance. The current study aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA-HOTAIR in the regulation of breast cancer resistance to doxorubicin (DOX). A breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and DOX-resistant breast cancer cell line (DOXR-MCF-7) were utilized in the current study. DOXR-MCF-7 cells were transfected with lncRNA-HOTAIR small interfering RNA (siRNA) and control siRNA. Subsequently, MTT and colony formation assays were performed to assess cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis was also evaluated via flow cytometry. In addition, western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the expression of caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma 2, Bcl-2-associated X protein, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR. The data indicated that lncRNA-HOTAIR silencing decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in MCF-7 and DOXR MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, lncRNA-HOTAIR silencing significantly decreased the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT and mTOR, indicating that the knockdown of lncRNA-HOTAIR effectively attenuates the resistance of breast cancer cells to DOX by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In summary, the present study indicated that the knockdown of lncRNA-HOTAIR weakened the resistance of breast cancer cells to DOX via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, suggesting that lncRNA-HOTAIR may be a novel intervention target to reverse DOX-resistance in breast cancer.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gasotransmitter, possesses multiple physiological and pharmacological properties including anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress and cardiac protective activities in diabetic cardiomyopathy. An increasing body of evidence has suggested that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has beneficial effects in the heart. However, the effect of diabetes on the phosphorylation or activation of cardiac STAT3 appears to be controversial. The present study was designed to investigate the precise function of the STAT3/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) signaling pathway in high glucose (HG)-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury and the function of the STAT3/HIF-1α pathway in the cardioprotective action of H2S. The results revealed that GYY4137 pretreatment substantially ameliorated the HG-induced decrease in cell viability and the increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in H9c2 cells. Additionally, HG treatment resulted in the upregulation of the phosphorylated (p)-STAT3/STAT3 ratio and HIF-1α protein expression in H9c2 cells, indicating that the activation of the STAT3/HIF-1α pathway was induced by HG. STAT3/HIF-1α pathway inhibition induced by transfection with STAT3 small interfering (si)-RNA attenuated the HG-induced downregulation of cell viability and the upregulation of LDH release. Furthermore, STAT3 siRNA transfection and GYY4137 pretreatment combined attenuated HG-induced apoptosis as illustrated by the decrease in the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells, caspase-3 activity, apoptosis ratio and BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator/BCL2 apoptosis regulator ratio in H9c2 cells. In addition, STAT3 siRNA transfection and GYY4137 blocked HG-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by the decrease in reactive oxygen species generation, malondialdehyde content and NADPH oxidase 2 expression, and the increase in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione level. Notably, GYY4137 pretreatment was revealed to reduce the p-STAT3/STAT3 ratio and HIF-1α protein expression, resulting in the inhibition of the STAT3/HIF-1α signaling pathway in HG-treated H9c2 cells. Altogether, the present results demonstrated that H2S mitigates HG-induced H9c2 cell damage, and reduces apoptosis and oxidative stress by suppressing the STAT3/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

Abnormal activation of the Wnt signaling pathway is found in 90% of colorectal cancers (CRCs). Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP4) serves as an antagonist of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Epigenetic alterations, including changes in DNA methylation and histone methylation, may influence the expression of sFRP4. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic transcriptional repressors that selectively repress gene expression by forming polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs). Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the core component of PRC2, is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase that interacts with DNA methyltransferases. In the present study, the promoter DNA methylation status of sFRP4 in CRC cell lines was analyzed and the underlying mechanisms of action governing this modification was investigated. Firstly, the DNA methylation status of the sFRP4 promoter in CRC cell lines was assessed using methylation-specific PCR. Subsequently, the mRNA and protein levels of sFRP4 were measured using real-time qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively, to determine whether the DNA methylation status of the sFRP4 promoter is correlated with its transcriptional levels. To screen for important epigenetic modifiers that may regulate the promoter DNA methylation status of sFRP4, the expression levels of PcG proteins were examined by gene array analysis. ChIP-qPCR was performed to test whether the selected PcG proteins directly bind the promoter region of sFRP4. Finally, the downregulated PcG proteins EZH2, chromobox 7 (CBX7) and jumonji and AT-rich interaction domain containing 2 (JARID2) were identified and their association with sFRP4 expression levels and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activity were investigated. The present study revealed that sFRP4 was hypermethylated in the promoter region and downregulated during the progression of the CRC cell lines from Dukes A to Dukes C. Expression levels of PcG proteins EZH2, CBX7 and JARID2 were upregulated and positively associated with the aberrantly activated Wnt signaling pathway in the CRC cell lines. EZH2, CBX7 and JARID2 were all enriched in the sFRP4 promoter region in CRC cells. EZH2 downregulation did not affect the promoter DNA methylation status of sFRP4 but increased its expression levels and decreased CRC cell proliferation. DNA methylation controls the expression of sFRP4. EZH2 regulates sFRP4 expression without affecting the DNA hypermethylation of the sFRP4 promoter and influences CRC cell proliferation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activities.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential changes in the choroidal thickness (CT) after surgical implantation of collamer lens (ICL) and to determine whether the variations in CT were associated with the degree of myopia. In the study, 98 eyes from 98 myopia patients were divided into two groups according to the degree of myopia: High myopia and super-high myopia. All eyes were measured using the swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) technique. CT and CT variations were also recorded. The foveal CT increased significantly in high-myopia patients at 2 h after surgery and 3 months after surgery; the same tendency was observed in the inner nasal CT and outer nasal CT at the same time-points. In patients with super-high myopia, the subfoveal CT increased significantly at 2 h and 3 months after surgery compared with the pre-operative values. No statistically significant differences were obtained in any of the nine different choroidal regions evaluated at post-operative week 1 and post-operative month one. Furthermore, the increase in the subfoveal CT in the super-myopia group was significantly higher than that in the high-myopia group at 2 h and at 3 months after ICL. The results of the present study indicated that the CT significantly increased 2 h after the surgery and then reached a peak at 3 months, particularly in the subfoveal and nasal areas. A higher degree of myopia was associated with greater subfoveal choroidal changes.