Cisplatin (CDDP) is one of the most active cytotoxic agents in the treatment of cancer and has adverse side effects such as nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. The present study was designed to determine the effects of royal jelly (RJ) against oxidative stress caused by CDDP injury of the kidneys and liver, by measuring tissue biochemical and antioxidant parameters and investigating apoptosis immunohistochemically. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups, group C: control group received 0.9% saline; group CDDP: injected i.p. with cisplatin (CDDP, 7 mg kg(-1) body weight i.p., single dose); group RJ: treated for 15 consecutive days by gavage with RJ (300 mg/kg/day); group RJ + CDDP: treated by gavage with RJ 15 days following a single injection of CDDP. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined in liver and kidney homogenates, and the liver and kidney were also histologically examined. RJ elicited a significant protective effect towards liver and kidney by decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA), elevating the level of GSH, and increasing the activities of GST, GSH-Px, and SOD. In the immunohistochemical examinations were observed significantly enhanced apoptotic cell numbers and degenerative changes by cisplatin, but these histological changes were lower in the liver and kidney tissues of RJ + CDDP group. Besides, treatment with RJ lead to an increase in antiapoptotic activity hepatocytes and tubular epithelium. In conclusion, RJ may be used in combination with cisplatin in chemotherapy to improve cisplatin-induced oxidative stress parameters and apoptotic activity.

Liver is one of the most important organs affected by exercise. According to the literature a few study to date has investigated the effects of estrogen supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress in liver tissue of rats.

Loss of the tumor suppressors RB1 and TP53 and MYC amplification are frequent oncogenic events in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We show that Myc expression cooperates with Rb1 and Trp53 loss in the mouse lung to promote aggressive, highly metastatic tumors, that are initially sensitive to chemotherapy followed by relapse, similar to human SCLC. Importantly, MYC drives a neuroendocrine-low "variant" subset of SCLC with high NEUROD1 expression corresponding to transcriptional profiles of human SCLC. Targeted drug screening reveals that SCLC with high MYC expression is vulnerable to Aurora kinase inhibition, which, combined with chemotherapy, strongly suppresses tumor progression and increases survival. These data identify molecular features for patient stratification and uncover a potential targeted treatment approach for MYC-driven SCLC.

PTEN is a multifaceted tumor suppressor that is highly sensitive to alterations in expression or function. The PTEN C-tail domain, which is rich in phosphorylation sites, has been implicated in PTEN stability, localization, catalytic activity, and protein interactions, but its role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. To address this, we utilized several mouse strains with nonlethal C-tail mutations. Mice homozygous for a deletion that includes S370, S380, T382 and T383 contain low PTEN levels and hyperactive AKT but are not tumor prone. Analysis of mice containing nonphosphorylatable or phosphomimetic versions of S380, a residue hyperphosphorylated in human gastric cancers, reveal that PTEN stability and ability to inhibit PI3K-AKT depends on dynamic phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of this residue. While phosphomimetic S380 drives neoplastic growth in prostate by promoting nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, nonphosphorylatable S380 is not tumorigenic. These data suggest that C-tail hyperphosphorylation creates oncogenic PTEN and is a potential target for anti-cancer therapy.

Nearly all patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) eventually relapse with chemoresistant disease. The molecular mechanisms driving chemoresistance in SCLC remain un-characterized. Here, we describe whole-exome sequencing of paired SCLC tumor samples procured at diagnosis and relapse from 12 patients, and unpaired relapse samples from 18 additional patients. Multiple somatic copy number alterations, including gains in ABCC1 and deletions in MYCL, MSH2, and MSH6, are identifiable in relapsed samples. Relapse samples also exhibit recurrent mutations and loss of heterozygosity in regulators of WNT signaling, including CHD8 and APC. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data shows enrichment for an ASCL1-low expression subtype and WNT activation in relapse samples. Activation of WNT signaling in chemosensitive human SCLC cell lines through APC knockdown induces chemoresistance. Additionally, in vitro-derived chemoresistant cell lines demonstrate increased WNT activity. Overall, our results suggest WNT signaling activation as a mechanism of chemoresistance in relapsed SCLC.

The thanatomicrobiome (thanatos, Greek for death) is a relatively new term and is the study of the microbes colonizing the internal organs and orifices after death. Recent scientific breakthroughs in an initial study of the thanatomicrobiome have revealed that a majority of the microbes within the human body are the obligate anaerobes, Clostridium spp., in the internal postmortem microbial communities. We hypothesized that time-dependent changes in the thanatomicrobiome within internal organs can estimate the time of death as a human body decays. Here we report a cross-sectional study of the sampling of 27 human corpses from criminal cases with postmortem intervals between 3.5-240 hours. The impetus for examining microbial communities in different internal organs is to address the paucity of empirical data on thanatomicrobiomic succession caused by the limited access to these organs prior to death and a dearth of knowledge regarding the movement of microbes within remains. Our sequencing results of 16S rRNA gene amplicons of 27 postmortem samples from cadavers demonstrated statistically significant time-, organ-, and sex-dependent changes. These results suggest that comprehensive knowledge of the number and abundance of each organ's signature microorganisms could be useful to forensic microbiologists as a new source of data for estimating postmortem interval.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has yielded unprecedented outcomes in some patients with hematological malignancies; however, inhibition by the tumor microenvironment has prevented the broader success of CART cell therapy. We used chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) as a model to investigate the interactions between the tumor microenvironment and CART cells. CLL is characterized by an immunosuppressive microenvironment, an abundance of systemic extracellular vesicles (EVs), and a relatively lower durable response rate to CART cell therapy. In this study, we characterized plasma EVs from untreated CLL patients and identified their leukemic cell origin. CLL-derived EVs were able to induce a state of CART cell dysfunction characterized by phenotypical, functional, and transcriptional changes of exhaustion. We demonstrate that, specifically, PD-L1+ CLL-derived EVs induce CART cell exhaustion. In conclusion, we identify an important mechanism of CART cell exhaustion induced by EVs from CLL patients.

Inhibitory myeloid cells and their cytokines play critical roles in limiting chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell therapy by contributing to the development of toxicities and resistance following infusion. We have previously shown that neutralization of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) prevents these toxicities and enhances CART cell functions by inhibiting myeloid cell activation. In this report, we study the direct impact of GM-CSF disruption during the production of CD19-directed CART cells on their effector functions, independent of GM-CSF modulation of myeloid cells. In this study, we show that antigen-specific activation of GM-CSFKO CART19 cells consistently displayed reduced early activation, enhanced proliferation, and improved anti-tumor activity in a xenograft model for relapsed B cell malignancies. Activated CART19 cells significantly upregulate GM-CSF receptors. However, the interaction between GM-CSF and its upregulated receptors on CART cells was not the predominant mechanism of this activation phenotype. GM-CSFKO CART19 cell had reduced BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (Bid), suggesting an interaction between GM-CSF and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated GM-CSF knockout in CART cells directly ameliorates CART cell early activation and enhances anti-tumor activity in preclinical models.

In the development of various strategies of anti-CD19 immunotherapy for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, it remains unclear whether CD19 monoclonal antibody therapy impairs subsequent CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART19) therapy. We evaluated the potential interference between the CD19-targeting monoclonal antibody tafasitamab and CART19 treatment in preclinical models. Concomitant treatment with tafasitamab and CART19 showed major CD19 binding competition, which led to CART19 functional impairment. However, when CD19+ cell lines were pretreated with tafasitamab overnight and the unbound antibody was subsequently removed from the culture, CART19 function was not affected. In preclinical in vivo models, tafasitamab pretreatment demonstrated reduced incidence and severity of cytokine release syndrome and exhibited superior antitumor effects and overall survival compared with CART19 alone. This was associated with transient CD19 occupancy with tafasitamab, which in turn resulted in the inhibition of CART19 overactivation, leading to diminished CAR T apoptosis and pyroptosis of tumor cells.