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Individuals suffering from substance-use disorders develop strong associations between the drug's rewarding effects and environmental cues, creating powerful, enduring triggers for relapse. We found that dephosphorylated, nuclear histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) reduced cocaine reward-context associations and relapse-like behaviors in a cocaine self-administration model. We also discovered that HDAC5 associates with an activity-sensitive enhancer of the Npas4 gene and negatively regulates NPAS4 expression. Exposure to cocaine and the test chamber induced rapid and transient NPAS4 expression in a small subpopulation of FOS-positive neurons in the NAc. Conditional deletion of Npas4 in the NAc significantly reduced cocaine conditioned place preference and delayed learning of the drug-reinforced action during cocaine self-administration, without affecting cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. These data suggest that HDAC5 and NPAS4 in the NAc are critically involved in reward-relevant learning and memory processes and that nuclear HDAC5 limits reinstatement of drug seeking independent of NPAS4.
Cocaine addiction is a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by maladaptation in the brain mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine system. Although changes in the properties of D2-receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) and connected striatal circuits following cocaine treatment are known, the contributions of altered D2-receptor (D2R) function in mediating the rewarding properties of cocaine remain unclear. Here, we describe how a 7-day exposure to cocaine alters dopamine signaling by selectively reducing the sensitivity, but not the expression, of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN D2Rs via an alteration in the relative expression and coupling of G protein subunits. This cocaine-induced reduction of D2R sensitivity facilitated the development of the rewarding effects of cocaine as blocking the reduction in G protein expression was sufficient to prevent cocaine-induced behavioral adaptations. These findings identify an initial maladaptive change in sensitivity by which mesolimbic dopamine signals are encoded by D2Rs following cocaine exposure.
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