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The unexpected occurrence of a change in the auditory context has been shown to result in distraction due to a momentary attention shift. These unexpected sounds elicit the Novelty-P3 (NP3) response which has been proposed as an electrophysiological index of distractibility, and used as such in the evaluation of several clinical populations. However, unexpected sounds also result in facilitation under certain conditions. Here, we investigate the electrophysiological concomitants of novel sounds in a task in which these sounds facilitate visual task performance. Novel sounds elicited NP3 and resulted in an enhancement of the visual P300 response to subsequent visual targets. This result clearly argues against the use of NP3 as an index of distractibility and asks for a reformulation of the functional significance of this response. We suggest that the NP3 is a complex signal that comprises alerting, orienting and executive control processes triggered by the unexpected stimulus.
The bottleneck account for post-error slowing assumes that cognitive resources are depleted after errors and thus the processing of subsequent events is delayed. To test this, we used a novel speeded-choice task and recorded behavioral measures and ERP (event-related potential) components on five trials following either an erroneous or correct response. We found that participants were slower and less accurate immediately after making an error and that this reduction of performance decayed on the following trials. Moreover, post-correct versus post-error differences in both the visual N1 and the P3 component were found. However, the difference in the P3 component rapidly diminished over time, whereas the differences in the N1 component were still evident in the fourth trial following the erroneous response. The results lay further support to the bottleneck account for post-error slowing and show a combination of early attentional and higher-order processing changes that occur after erroneous responses.
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