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For long times astrocytes had been regarded as supporting cells, passively filling the spaces between neuronal cell bodies and their extensions. Now it is known that astrocytes are actively involved in a variety of important biological functions such as regulating cerebral blood flow, supporting neuronal metabolism, controlling the extracellular potassium concentration, and clearing neurotransmitters from the extracellular space. In line with this multitude of tasks astrocytes display conspicuous functional and regional heterogeneity. Using three complementary labeling methods nine classes of astrocytes have been differentiated, which were termed protoplasmic, fibrous, velate, radial, and perivascular astrocytes in addition to Bergmann, marginal, and ependymal glial cells. To complete this list retinal Müller cells and a largely forgotten astrocytic cell type, the "feathered cell" of Fañanas need to be added. So far, Fañanas cells could be only recognized with the tedious gold-sublimate procedure. Consequently, data indicating a potential biological function are completely missing. In a parallel investigation we used a battery of antibodies against potassium channels and related proteins to identify potential marker proteins for the immunocytochemical visualization of distinct cell types in the cerebellar cortex. Here we present novel marker proteins, the Kv2.2 potassium channel and calsenilin, to visualize Fañanas cells in the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. Such markers will allow to identify Fañanas cell subsequent to patching and electrophysiological characterization. This may pave the path to obtain new functional data, which may be helpful to understand the role of these enigmatic cells in normal biological function and disease.
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