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Trans-chromosomic (Tc) mice carrying mini-chromosomes with megabase-sized human immunoglobulin (Ig) loci have contributed to the development of fully human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, but mitotic instability of human mini-chromosomes in mice may limit the efficiency of hybridoma production. Here, we establish human antibody-producing Tc mice (TC-mAb mice) that stably maintain a mouse-derived, engineered chromosome containing the entire human Ig heavy and kappa chain loci in a mouse Ig-knockout background. Comprehensive, high-throughput DNA sequencing shows that the human Ig repertoire, including variable gene usage, is well recapitulated in TC-mAb mice. Despite slightly altered B cell development and a delayed immune response, TC-mAb mice have more subsets of antigen-specific plasmablast and plasma cells than wild-type mice, leading to efficient hybridoma production. Our results thus suggest that TC-mAb mice offer a valuable platform for obtaining fully human therapeutic antibodies, and a useful model for elucidating the regulation of human Ig repertoire formation.
Solid nanogenerators often have limited charge transfer due to their low contact area. Liquid-liquid nanogenerators can transfer a charge better than the solid-solid and solid-liquid counterparts. However, the precise manipulation of the liquid morphology remains a challenge because of the fluidity limits of the liquid. In this work, using the surface tension of a droplet to fix its shape, a liquid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerator in Contact-Separation mode is designed using an immiscible aqueous-aqueous interface, achieving a contact surface charge transfer of 129 nC for a single droplet. The configuration is proven to be applicable in humid environments, and the two-phase materials have good biocompatibility and can be used as an effective drug carrier. Therefore, this nanogenerator is useful for designing future implantable devices. Meanwhile, this design also establishes the foundation of aqueous electronics, and additional applications can be achieved using this route.
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