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Total 422235 Results
| Label | Description | ILX | Version | Created CID | Modified Time | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isoetharine | Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Isoetharine is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator. Isoetharine is indicated for the relief of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Adrenergic bronchodilators are breathed in through the mouth to open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) of the lungs. Mechanism of action: The pharmacologic effects of isoetharine are attributable to stimulation through beta-adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic AMP. Increased cyclic AMP levels are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Adrenergic beta-Agonists. Bronchodilator Agents | ILX:0105739 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Isoflurane | A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Isoflurane is a general inhalation anesthetic used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It induces muscle relaxation and reduces pains sensitivity by altering tissue excitability. It does so by decreasing the extent of gap junction mediated cell-cell coupling and altering the activity of the channels that underlie the action potential. Mechanism of action: Isoflurane induces a reduction in junctional conductance by decreasing gap junction channel opening times and increasing gap junction channel closing times. Isoflurane also activates calcium dependent ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by increasing the fluidity of the lipid membrane. Also appears to bind the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydogenase. Isoflurane also binds to the GABA receptor, the large conductance Ca2+ activated potassium channel, the glutamate receptor and the glycine receptor. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anesthetics. Anesthetics, Inhalation. General Anesthetics | ILX:0105740 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 01/17/2023 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Isoflurophate | An irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor with actions similar to those of echothiophate. It is a powerful miotic used mainly in the treatment of glaucoma. Its vapor is highly toxic and it is recommended that only solutions in arachis oil be used therapeutically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p1330) Pharmacology: Isoflurophate is used as ocular drops in the treatment of chronic glaucoma. Isoflurophate is an organophosphorus compound that acts as an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor. As such, it displays parasympathomimetic effects. Isoflurophate is used in the eye to treat certain types of glaucoma and other eye conditions, such as accommodative esotropia. They may also be used in the diagnosis of certain eye conditions, such as accommodative esotropia. Isoflurophate damages the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and is therefore irreversible, however, pralidoxime can displace organophosphates such as isoflurophate from acetylcholinesterase, but only if administered before isoflurophate damages (alkylates) the enzyme. Mechanism of action: The mechanism of isoflurophate's action involves the irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antiglaucomic Agents. Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Miotics. Ophthalmics. Protease Inhibitors | ILX:0105741 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/24/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Isometric force | Subjects use their hands or fingers to apply isometric force or complete a precision grip task. | ILX:0105742 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Isometrical | Having equal dimensions or measurements. | ILX:0105743 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Isoniazid | Antibacterial agent used primarily as a tuberculostatic. It remains the treatment of choice for tuberculosis. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Isoniazid is a bactericidal agent active against organisms of the genus Mycobacterium, specifically M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. kansasii. It is a highly specific agent, ineffective against other microorganisms. Isoniazid is bactericidal to rapidly-dividing mycobacteria, but is bacteriostatic if the mycobacterium is slow-growing. Mechanism of action: Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by bacterial catalase. Specficially, activation is associated with reduction of the mycobacterial ferric KatG catalase-peroxidase by hydrazine and reaction with oxygen to form an oxyferrous enzyme complex. Once activated, isoniazid inhibits the synthesis of mycoloic acids, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. At therapeutic levels isoniazid is bacteriocidal against actively growing intracellular and extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. Specifically isoniazid inhibits InhA, the enoyl reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by forming a covalent adduct with the NAD cofactor. It is the INH-NAD adduct that acts as a slow, tight-binding competitive inhibitor of InhA. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antitubercular Agents. Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibitors | ILX:0105744 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Isopropamide | Isopropamide iodide is a long-acting quaternary anticholinergic drug. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcer and other gastrointestinal disorders marked by hyperacidity and hypermotility. Pharmacology: Isopropamide is a long-acting quaternary anticholinergic drug. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcer and other gastrointestinal disorders marked by hyperacidity and hypermotility. Mechanism of action: Not Available Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Gastrointestinal Agents | ILX:0105745 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Isoproterenol | Isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Isoproterenol is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic bronchodilator. Isoproterenol is indicated for the relief of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The pharmacologic effects of beta adrenergic agonist drugs, including Isoproterenol, are at least in part attributable to stimulation through beta adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic- 3',5'- adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP). Increased c-AMP levels are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. Mechanism of action: The pharmacologic effects of isoproterenol are at least in part attributable to stimulation through beta-adrenergic receptors of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic AMP. Increased cyclic AMP levels are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Adrenergic beta-Agonists. Bronchodilator Agents. Cardiotonic Agents. Sympathomimetic. Sympathomimetics | ILX:0105746 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/24/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Isosorbide Dinitrate | A vasodilator used in the treatment of angina pectoris. Its actions are similar to nitroglycerin but with a slower onset of action. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Isosorbide Dinitrate is a moderate to long acting oral organic nitrate used for the relief and prophylactic management of angina pectoris. It relaxes the vascular smooth muscle and consequent dilatation of peripheral arteries and veins, especially the latter. Dilatation of the veins promotes peripheral pooling of blood and decreases venous return to the heart, thereby reducing left ventricular end- diastolic pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (preload). Arteriolar relaxation reduces systemic vascular resistance, systolic arterial pressure, and mean arterial pressure. Mechanism of action: Similar to other nitrites and organic nitrates, isosorbide dinitrate is converted to nitric oxide (NO), an active intermediate compound which activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase (atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A). This stimulates the synthesis of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) which then activates a series of protein kinase-dependent phosphorylations in the smooth muscle cells, eventually resulting in the dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain of the smooth muscle fiber. The subsequent release of calcium ions results in the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilation. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Nitrates and Nitrites. Nitric Oxide Donors. Vasodilator Agents | ILX:0105747 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/24/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Isosorbide Mononitrate | Isosorbide mononitrate is a drug used principally in the treatment of angina pectoris(1) and acts by dilating the blood vessels so as to reduce the blood pressure. It is sold by AstraZeneca under the trade name Imdur.Isosorbide mononitrate is used to for the the prophylactic treatment of angina pectoris; that is, it is taken in order to prevent or at least reduce the occurrence of angina. Research on Isosorbide mononitrate as a cervical ripener to reduce time at hospital to birth is supportive.Isosorbide mononitrate is an active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate and exerts qualitatively similar effects. Isosorbide mononitrate reduces the workload of the heart by producing venous and arterial dilation. By reducing the end diastolic pressure and volume, isosorbide mononitrate lowers intramural pressure, hence leading to an improvement in the subendocardial blood flow. The net effect when administering isosorbide mononitrate is therefore a reduced workload for the heart and an improvement in the oxygen supply/demand balance of the myocardium.The adverse reactions which follow have been reported in studies with isosorbide mononitrate:Very common. Headache predominates (up to 30%) necessitating withdrawal of 2 to 3 % of patients, but the incidence reduces rapidly as treatment continues .Common. Tiredness, sleep disturbances (6%) and gastrointestinal disturbances (6%) have been reported during clinical trials with isosorbide mononitrate modified release tablets, but at a frequency no greater than for placebo. Hypotension (4 to 5%), poor appetite (2.5%), nausea (1%).Adverse effects associated with the clinical use of the drug are as expected with all nitrate preparations. They occur mainly in the early stages of treatment.Hypotension (4%) with symptoms such as dizziness and nausea (1%) have been reported. These symptoms generally disappear during long-term treatment.Other reactions that have been reported with isosorbide mononitrate modified release tablets include tachycardia, vomiting, diarrhoea, vertigo and heartburn Pharmacology: Isosorbide-5-mononitrate, the long-acting metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate, is used as a vasodilatory agent in the management of angina pectoris. By dilating the vessels, it lowers the blood pressure and reduces the left ventricular preload and afterload, therefore, leads to a reduction of myocardial oxygen requirement. Mechanism of action: Similar to other nitrites and organic nitrates, Isosorbide Mononitrate is converted to nitric oxide (NO), an active intermediate compound which activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase (Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor A). This stimulates the synthesis of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) which then activates a series of protein kinase-dependent phosphorylations in the smooth muscle cells, eventually resulting in the dephosphorylation of the myosin light chain of the smooth muscle fiber. The subsequent release of calcium ions results in the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells and vasodilation. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Nitrates and Nitrites. Nitric Oxide Donors. Vasodilator Agents | ILX:0105748 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/24/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Isothermal titration calorimetry instrument | Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) is a biophysical technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of (biochemical) interactions. It is most often used to study the binding of small molecules (such as medicinal compounds) to larger macromolecules (proteins, DNA etc.). An isothermal titration calorimeter is composed of two identical cells made of a highly efficient thermal conducting material such as Hasteloy alloy or gold, surrounded by an adiabatic jacket (reviewed by O'Brien et al, 2000). Sensitive thermopile/ thermocouple circuits are used to detect temperature differences between the reference cell (filled with buffer or water) and the sample cell containing the macromolecule. Prior to addition of ligand, a constant power ( | ILX:0105749 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/24/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Isotretinoin | Isotretinoin is a medication used for the treatment of severe acne. It is sometimes used in prevention of certain skin cancers. It is a retinoid, meaning it derives from vitamin A and is found in small quantities naturally in the body. Isotretinoin binds to and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR), thereby regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. This agent also exhibits immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses and inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, thereby decreasing polyamine synthesis and keratinization. Pharmacology: Isotretinoin, a retinoid, is indicated in the treatment of severe recalcitrant nodular acne. Nodules are inflammatory lesions with a diameter of 5 mm or greater. The nodules may become suppurative or hemorrhagic. "Severe," by definition, means "many" as opposed to "few or several" nodules. Clinical improvement in nodular acne patients occurs in association with a reduction in sebum secretion. The decrease in sebum secretion is temporary and is related to the dose and duration of treatment with Accutane, and reflects a reduction in sebaceous gland size and an inhibition of sebaceous gland differentiation. Mechanism of action: Isotretinoin noticeably reduces the production of sebum and shrinks the sebaceous glands. It stabilises keratinization and prevents comedones from forming. The exact mechanism of action is unknown, however it is known that it alters DNA transcription. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-acne Agents. Antineoplastic Agents. Keratolytic Agents. Skin and Mucous Membrane Agents | ILX:0105750 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/24/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Isradipine | A potent antagonist of calcium channels that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Isradipine, the most potent calcium-channel blocking agent of the dihydropyridine class, is similar to nifedipine, amlodipine, and felodipine. It binds to calcium channels with high affinity and specificity and inhibits calcium flux into cardiac and smooth muscle. The effects observed in mechanistic experiments in vitro and studied in intact animals and man are compatible with this mechanism of action and are typical of the class. Mechanism of action: Possibly by deforming the channel, inhibiting ion-control gating mechanisms, and/or interfering with the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, isradipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across both the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes. The resultant inhibition of the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells leads to dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries and improved oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antihypertensive Agents. Calcium Channel Blockers. Vasodilator Agents | ILX:0105751 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Issue | ILX:0105752 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Issue Date of Imaging Service Request | Date on which the Imaging Service Request was issued by the requester. | ILX:0105753 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Issue Time of Imaging Service Request | Time at which the Imaging Service Request was issued by the requester. | ILX:0105754 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Issuer of Admission ID | Name of healthcare provider who issued the Admission ID. | ILX:0105755 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Issuer of Patient ID | Identifier of the Assigning Authority (system, organization, agency, or department) that issued the Patient ID. Note: Issuer of Patient ID (0010,0021) is equivalent to HL7 v2 PID-3 component 4. | ILX:0105756 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Isthmus of cingulate gyrus | Component of the cingulate cortex comprising the region linking the posterior cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus. The rostral and caudal boundaries were the posterior division of the cingulate cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the medial wall (area unknown) and the precuneus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). | ILX:0105757 | 10 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 01/17/2023 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Isthmus of cingulate of KA2000 | Region linking the posterior cingulate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus, comprising the caudomedial lobule, surrounding cortex and a narrow extension of tissue that is directed ventrally toward the parahippocampal gyrus (asterisks in Fig. 1C,D) | ILX:0105758 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
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