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Total 422235 Results
| Label | Description | ILX | Version | Created CID | Modified Time | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I1 motor neuron | ILX:0105199 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Ibandronate | Ibandronate is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate in the same class as alendronate and risedronate. Ibandronate inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. All of the bisphosphonates prevent the breakdown of bone by bone cells called osteoclasts. In persons who are at high risk for osteoporosis, bisphosphonates not only result in increased amounts of bone and bone strength, they also reduce the risk of hip fractures and other bone fractures. Pharmacology: Ibandronate is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate in the same class as alendronate and risedronate. Ibandronate inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. All of the bisphosphonates prevent the breakdown of bone by bone cells called osteoclasts. In persons who are at high risk for osteoporosis, bisphosphonates not only result in increased amounts of bone and bone strength, they also reduce the risk of hip fractures and other bone fractures. Mechanism of action: The action of ibandronate on bone tissue is based partly on its affinity for hydroxyapatite, which is part of the mineral matrix of bone. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (such as pamidronate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate and zoledronate) appear to act as analogues of isoprenoid diphosphate lipids, thereby inhibiting farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase, an enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Inhibition of this enzyme in osteoclasts prevents the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids (FPP and GGPP) that are essential for the post-translational farnesylation and geranylgeranylation of small GTPase signalling proteins. This activity inhibits osteoclast activity and reduces bone resorption and turnover. In postmenopausal women, it reduces the elevated rate of bone turnover, leading to, on average, a net gain in bone mass. Drug type: Approved. Investigational. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antihypocalcemic Agents. Antiresorptives. Bisphosphonates. Bone Density Conservation Agents | ILX:0105200 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Ibotenic acid | A chemical compound that is naturally occurring in the mushrooms Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina, among others. Ibotenic acid is a powerful neurotoxin that is used as an excitoxin and has shown to be highly neurotoxic when injected directly into the brains of mice and rats. (adapted from Wikipedia) | ILX:0105201 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Ibritumomab | Indium conjugated murine IgG1 kappa monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen, which is found on the surface of normal and malignant B lymphocytes. Ibritumomab is produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells and is composed of two murine gamma 1 heavy chains of 445 amino acids each and two kappa light chains of 213 amino acids each. Pharmacology: Zevalin binds to the CD20 antigen, which is predominantly expressed on mature B cells and on >90% of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lympohomas. The antibody leads to selective killing of B-cells. Mechanism of action: Binds to the CD20 antigen which is found on mature B lymphocytes. The Fc domain recruits immune effector functions to mediate B-cell lysis. The antibody appears to induce apoptosis, antibody mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. The chelate tiuxetan, which tightly binds radioactive In-111 or Y-90, is covalently linked to the amino groups of exposed lysines and arginines contained within the antibody. The beta emission from Y-90 induces cellular damage by the formation of free radicals in the target and neighboring cells. Drug type: Approved. Biotech. Drug category: Antineoplastic Agents | ILX:0105202 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/24/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Ibuprofen | A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Ibuprofen has pharmacologic actions similar to those of other prototypical NSAIAs, that is thought to be associated with the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Ibuprofen is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, dysmenorrhea, and to alleviate moderate pain. Mechanism of action: The exact mechanisms of action of Ibuprofen is unknown. Its antiinflammatory effects are believed to be due to inhibition of both cylooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cylooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which leads to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, and results in the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Antipyretic effects may be due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in an increased peripheral blood flow, vasodilation, and subsequent heat dissipation. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Analgesics. Analgesics, Non-Narcotic. Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal. Anti-inflammatory Agents. Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) | ILX:0105203 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Ibutilide | Ibutilide is a Class III antiarrhythmic agent that is indicated for acute cardioconversion of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter of a recent onset to sinus rhythm. (Wikipedia) Pharmacology: Ibutilide prolongs the action potential duration and increases both atrial and ventricular refractoriness in vivo, i.e., class III electrophysiologic effects. Voltage clamp studies indicate that ibutilide, at nanomolar concentrations, delays repolarization by activation of a slow, inward current (predominantly sodium), rather than by blocking outward potassium currents, which is the mechanism by which most other class III antiarrhythmics act. Mechanism of action: Ibutilide is a 'pure' class III antiarrhythmic drug, used intravenously against atrial flutter and fibrillation. At a cellular level it exerts two main actions: induction of a persistent Na+ current sensitive to dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers and potent inhibition of the cardiac rapid delayed rectifier K+ current, by binding within potassium channel pores. In other words, Ibutilide binds to and alters the activity of hERG potassium channels, delayed inward rectifier potassium (IKr) channels and L-type (dihydropyridine sensitive) calcium channels Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents | ILX:0105204 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/24/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Icodextrin | Icodextrin is an iso-osmotic peritoneal dialysis solution containing glucose polymers. It is used primarily for ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) of diabetic patients and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) for patients with end-stage renal disease. It is injected as a solution into the peritoneal cavity. The drug is absorbed via convective transport via peritoneal lymphatic pathways. Pharmacology: Icodextrin is an iso-osmotic peritoneal dialysis solution containing glucose polymers. It is used primarily for ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) of diabetic patients and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) for patients with end-stage renal disease. It is injected as a solution into the peritoneal cavity. The drug is absorbed via convective transport via peritoneal lymphatic pathways. Mechanism of action: Icodextrin is a starch-derived, water-soluble glucose polymer linked by alpha (1-4) and alpha (1-6) glycosidic bonds with an average molecular weight between 13,000 and 19,000 daltons. It functions as a colloid osmotic agent to achieve ultrafiltration during long (12-16 hour) peritoneal dialysis dwells. In other words it helps clean waste out of the body when the kidneys are not functioning properly. Icodectrin acts in the peritoneal cavity by exerting osmotic pressure across small intercellular pores resulting in transcapillary ultrafiltration through the dwell. This is due to the fact that the polymer is minimially absorbed across the peritoneal membrane. Icodextrin achieves superior fluid removal compared with glucose-based dialysates. Drug type: Approved. Investigational. Small Molecule. Drug category: Osmotic Agents | ILX:0105205 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Icon Image Sequence | This icon image is representative of the Image. | ILX:0105206 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Iconic memory | very brief sensory memory of some visual stimuli, that occur in the form of mental pictures. | ILX:0105207 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Icosapent | Important polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oils. It serves as the precursor for the prostaglandin-3 and thromboxane-3 families. A diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid lowers serum lipid concentration, reduces incidence of cardiovascular disorders, prevents platelet aggregation, and inhibits arachidonic acid conversion into the thromboxane-2 and prostaglandin-2 families. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Eicosanoids are chemical messengers derived from 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids that play critical roles in immune and inflammatory responses. Both 20-carbon omega-6 fatty acids (arachidonic acid) and 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acids (EPA) can be found in cell membranes. During an inflammatory response, arachidonic acid and EPA are metabolized by enzymes known as cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases to form eicosanoids. Increasing omega-3 fatty acid intake increases the EPA content of cell membranes and decreases the arachidonic acid content, resulting in higher proportions of eicosanoids derived from EPA. Physiologic responses to arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids differ from responses to EPA-derived eicosanoids. In general, eicosanoids derived from EPA are less potent inducers of inflammation, blood vessel constriction, and clotting than eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid. Mechanism of action: The anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and immunomodulatory actions of EPA is probably due to its role in eicosanoid physiology and biochemistry. Most eicosanoids are produced by the metabolism of omega-3 fatty acids, specifically, arachidonic acid. These eicosanoids, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) stimulate leukocyte chemotaxis, platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. They are thrombogenic and artherogenic. On the other hand, EPA is metabolized to leukotriene B5 (LTB5) and thromboxane A3 (TXA3), which are eicosanoids that promote vasodilation, inhibit platelet aggregation and leukocyte chemotaxis and are anti-artherogenic and anti-thrombotic. The triglyceride-lowering effect of EPA results from inhibition of lipogenesis and stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. Fatty acid oxidation of EPA occurs mainly in the mitochondria. EPA is a substrate for Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 and 2. It also appears to affect the function and bind to the Carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) and to a fatty acid receptor (G-coupled receptor) known as GP40. Drug type: Approved. Nutraceutical. Small Molecule. Drug category: Dietary supplement. Micronutrient | ILX:0105208 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Ictal | A physiological state which is characterized by periods of high-frequency high amplitude electrical activity in neuronal tissue. | ILX:0105209 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Idarubicin | An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against breast cancer, lymphomas and leukemias, together with the potential for reduced cardiac toxicity. (PubChem) Pharmacology: Idarubicin is an antineoplastic in the anthracycline class. General properties of drugs in this class include: interaction with DNA in a variety of different ways including intercalation (squeezing between the base pairs), DNA strand breakage and inhibition with the enzyme topoisomerase II. Most of these compounds have been isolated from natural sources and antibiotics. However, they lack the specificity of the antimicrobial antibiotics and thus produce significant toxicity. The anthracyclines are among the most important antitumor drugs available. Doxorubicin is widely used for the treatment of several solid tumors while daunorubicin and idarubicin are used exclusively for the treatment of leukemia. Idarubicin may also inhibit polymerase activity, affect regulation of gene expression, and produce free radical damage to DNA. Idarubicin possesses an antitumor effect against a wide spectrum of tumors, either grafted or spontaneous. The anthracyclines are cell cycle-nonspecific. Mechanism of action: Idarubicin has antimitotic and cytotoxic activity through a number of proposed mechanisms of action: Idarubicin forms complexes with DNA by intercalation between base pairs, and it inhibits topoisomerase II activity by stabilizing the DNA-topoisomerase II complex, preventing the religation portion of the ligation-religation reaction that topoisomerase II catalyzes. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antibiotics. Antibiotics, Antineoplastic. Antineoplastic Agents | ILX:0105210 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Identical Documents Sequence | Duplicates of this document, stored with different SOP Instance UIDs. | ILX:0105211 | 5 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/28/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Identical twin brother | ILX:0105212 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Identical twin sister | ILX:0105213 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Identifier mapping resource | A resource that defines the relationship between concepts in different vocabularies. | ILX:0105214 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Identifier resolution | A resource that provides identifier resolution. This includes the scope of resources for which a collection of identifiers may proxy, the syntax for generating new identifiers, the kinds of representations that are recognized for the identified resources, and how an identifier is dereferenced to obtain the desired representation. (CINERGI) | ILX:0105215 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex |
| Identifying value | ILX:0105216 | 3 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 06/18/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | NeuroLex | |
| Idoxuridine | An analog of deoxyuridine that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent. (PubChem) Pharmacology: In chemical structure idoxuridine closely approximates the configuration of thymidine, one of the four building blocks of DNA (the genetic material of the Herpes virus). As a result, idoxuridine is able to replace thymidine in the enzymatic step of viral replication or "growth". The consequent production of faulty DNA results in a pseudostructure which cannot infect or destroy tissue. In short, by pre-empting a vital building block in the genetic material of the Herpes simplex virus, Herplex-D topical solution destroys the infective and destructive capacity of the viral material. The virus infected cell may only be attacked during the period of active synthesis of DNA. This occurs early in the development of the Herpes simplex lesion, but at different times in different cells. Therefore, ideally, the affected area should remain saturated with the antiviral agent. Mechanism of action: Idoxuridine acts as an antiviral agent against DNA viruses by inhibiting thymidilate phosphorylase and viral DNA polymerases. The effect of Idoxuridine results in the inability of the virus to reproduce or to infect/destroy tissue. Drug type: Approved. Small Molecule. Drug category: Antiviral Agents. Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors | ILX:0105217 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/24/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
| Idursulfase | Idursulfase is a purified form of human iduronate-2-sulfatase, a lysosomal enzyme. Idursulfase is produced by recombinant DNA technology in a human cell line. Idursulfase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the 2-sulfate esters of terminal iduronate sulfate residues from the glycosaminoglycans dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in the lysosomes of various cell types. Idursulfase is a 525-amino acid glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 76 kilodaltons. The enzyme contains eight asparagine-linked glycosylation sites occupied by complex oligosaccharide structures. The enzyme activity of idursulfase is dependent on the post-translational modification of a specific cysteine to formylglycine. Pharmacology: Idursulfase is a purified form of the lysosomal enzyme human iduronate-2-sulfatase of recombinant DNA origin. It is designed to replace the natural enzyme, increasing catabolism of certain accumulated glycosaminoglycans (GAG), which abnormally accumulate in multiple tissue types in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS-II, or Hunter syndrome). Mechanism of action: Hunter's Syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease caused by insufficient levels of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase. This enzyme cleaves the terminal 2-O-sulfate moieties from the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. Due to the missing or defective iduronate-2-sulfatase enzyme in patients with Hunter's Syndrome, GAG progressively accumulate in the lysosomes of a variety of cells, leading to cellular engorgement, organomegaly, tissue destruction and organ system dysfunction. Treatment of Hunter's Syndrome patients with idursulfase provides exogenous enzyme for uptake into cellular lysosomes. Mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) residues on the oligosaccharide chains allow specific binding of the enzymes to the M6P receptors on the cell surface, leading to cellular internalization of the enzyme, targeting to intracellular lysosomes and subsequent catabolism of accumulated GAG. Drug type: Approved. Biotech. Drug category: Enzyme Replacement Agents | ILX:0105218 | 4 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | 08/24/2018 | FDI Lab - SciCrunch.org | term | 12/08/2016 | 0 | NeuroLex | troy sincomb |
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